Apparatus and method for decoding and encoding an audio signal using adaptive spectral tile selection

ABSTRACT

An apparatus for decoding an encoded signal includes: an audio decoder for decoding an encoded representation of a first set of first spectral portions to obtain a decoded first set of first spectral portions; a parametric decoder for decoding an encoded parametric representation of a second set of second spectral portions to obtain a decoded representation of the parametric representation, wherein the parametric information includes, for each target frequency tile, a source region identification as a matching information; and a frequency regenerator for regenerating a target frequency tile using a source region from the first set of first spectral portions identified by the matching information.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/178,835 filed Nov. 2, 2018, which is a divisional of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 15/003,334 filed Jan. 21, 2016, which is acontinuation of copending International Application No.PCT/EP2014/065116, filed Jul. 15, 2014, which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety, and additionally claims priority fromEuropean Applications Nos. EP13177350, filed Jul. 22, 2013, EP13177353,filed Jul. 22, 2013, EP13177348, filed Jul. 22, 2013, EP13177346, filedJul. 22, 2013 and EP13189368, filed Oct. 18, 2013, which are allincorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to audio coding/decoding and,particularly, to audio coding using intelligent gap filling.

Audio coding is the domain of signal compression that deals withexploiting redundancy and irrelevancy in audio signals usingpsychoacoustic knowledge. Today audio codecs typically need around 60kbps/channel for perceptually transparent coding of almost any type ofaudio signal. Newer codecs are aimed at reducing the coding bitrate byexploiting spectral similarities in the signal using techniques such asbandwidth extension (BWE). A BWE scheme uses a low bitrate parameter setto represent the high frequency (HF) components of an audio signal. TheHF spectrum is filled up with spectral content from low frequency (LF)regions and the spectral shape, tilt and temporal continuity adjusted tomaintain the timbre and color of the original signal. Such BWE methodsenable audio codecs to retain good quality at even low bitrates ofaround 24 kbps/channel.

Storage or transmission of audio signals is often subject to strictbitrate constraints. In the past, coders were forced to drasticallyreduce the transmitted audio bandwidth when only a very low bitrate wasavailable.

Modern audio codecs are nowadays able to code wide-band signals by usingbandwidth extension (BWE) methods [1]. These algorithms rely on aparametric representation of the high-frequency content (HF)—which isgenerated from the waveform coded low-frequency part (LF) of the decodedsignal by means of transposition into the HF spectral region(“patching”) and application of a parameter driven post processing. InBWE schemes, the reconstruction of the HF spectral region above a givenso-called cross-over frequency is often based on spectral patching.Typically, the HF region is composed of multiple adjacent patches andeach of these patches is sourced from band-pass (BP) regions of the LFspectrum below the given cross-over frequency. State-of-the-art systemsefficiently perform the patching within a filterbank representation,e.g. Quadrature Mirror Filterbank (QMF), by copying a set of adjacentsubband coefficients from a source to the target region.

Another technique found in today's audio codecs that increasescompression efficiency and thereby enables extended audio bandwidth atlow bitrates is the parameter driven synthetic replacement of suitableparts of the audio spectra. For example, noise-like signal portions ofthe original audio signal can be replaced without substantial loss ofsubjective quality by artificial noise generated in the decoder andscaled by side information parameters. One example is the PerceptualNoise Substitution (PNS) tool contained in MPEG-4 Advanced Audio Coding(AAC) [5].

A further provision that also enables extended audio bandwidth at lowbitrates is the noise filling technique contained in MPEG-D UnifiedSpeech and Audio Coding (USAC) [7]. Spectral gaps (zeroes) that areinferred by the dead-zone of the quantizer due to a too coarsequantization, are subsequently filled with artificial noise in thedecoder and scaled by a parameter-driven post-processing.

Another state-of-the-art system is termed Accurate Spectral Replacement(ASR) [2-4]. In addition to a waveform codec, ASR employs a dedicatedsignal synthesis stage which restores perceptually important sinusoidalportions of the signal at the decoder. Also, a system described in [5]relies on sinusoidal modeling in the HF region of a waveform coder toenable extended audio bandwidth having decent perceptual quality at lowbitrates. All these methods involve transformation of the data into asecond domain apart from the Modified Discrete Cosine Transform (MDCT)and also fairly complex analysis/synthesis stages for the preservationof HF sinusoidal components.

FIG. 13 a illustrates a schematic diagram of an audio encoder for abandwidth extension technology as, for example, used in High EfficiencyAdvanced Audio Coding (HE-AAC). An audio signal at line 1300 is inputinto a filter system comprising of a low pass 1302 and a high pass 1304.The signal output by the high pass filter 1304 is input into a parameterextractor/coder 1306. The parameter extractor/coder 1306 is configuredfor calculating and coding parameters such as a spectral envelopeparameter, a noise addition parameter, a missing harmonics parameter, oran inverse filtering parameter, for example. These extracted parametersare input into a bit stream multiplexer 1308. The low pass output signalis input into a processor typically comprising the functionality of adown sampler 1310 and a core coder 1312. The low pass 1302 restricts thebandwidth to be encoded to a significantly smaller bandwidth thanoccurring in the original input audio signal on line 1300. This providesa significant coding gain due to the fact that the whole functionalitiesoccurring in the core coder only have to operate on a signal with areduced bandwidth. When, for example, the bandwidth of the audio signalon line 1300 is 20 kHz and when the low pass filter 1302 exemplarily hasa bandwidth of 4 kHz, in order to fulfill the sampling theorem, it istheoretically sufficient that the signal subsequent to the down samplerhas a sampling frequency of 8 kHz, which is a substantial reduction tothe sampling rate necessitated for the audio signal 1300 which has to beat least 40 kHz.

FIG. 13 b illustrates a schematic diagram of a corresponding bandwidthextension decoder. The decoder comprises a bitstream multiplexer 1320.The bitstream demultiplexer 1320 extracts an input signal for a coredecoder 1322 and an input signal for a parameter decoder 1324. A coredecoder output signal has, in the above example, a sampling rate of 8kHz and, therefore, a bandwidth of 4 kHz while, for a complete bandwidthreconstruction, the output signal of a high frequency reconstructor 1330has to be at 20 kHz involving a sampling rate of at least 40 kHz. Inorder to make this possible, a decoder processor having thefunctionality of an upsampler 1325 and a filterbank 1326 isnecessitated. The high frequency reconstructor 1330 then receives thefrequency-analyzed low frequency signal output by the filterbank 1326and reconstructs the frequency range defined by the high pass filter1304 of FIG. 13 a using the parametric representation of the highfrequency band. The high frequency reconstructor 1330 has severalfunctionalities such as the regeneration of the upper frequency rangeusing the source range in the low frequency range, a spectral envelopeadjustment, a noise addition functionality and a functionality tointroduce missing harmonics in the upper frequency range and, if appliedand calculated in the encoder of FIG. 13 a , an inverse filteringoperation in order to account for the fact that the higher frequencyrange is typically not as tonal as the lower frequency range. In HE-AAC,missing harmonics are re-synthesized on the decoder-side and are placedexactly in the middle of a reconstruction band. Hence, all missingharmonic lines that have been determined in a certain reconstructionband are not placed at the frequency values where they were located inthe original signal. Instead, those missing harmonic lines are placed atfrequencies in the center of the certain band. Thus, when a missingharmonic line in the original signal was placed very close to thereconstruction band border in the original signal, the error infrequency introduced by placing this missing harmonics line in thereconstructed signal at the center of the band is close to 50% of theindividual reconstruction band, for which parameters have been generatedand transmitted.

Furthermore, even though the typical audio core coders operate in thespectral domain, the core decoder nevertheless generates a time domainsignal which is then, again, converted into a spectral domain by thefilter bank 1326 functionality. This introduces additional processingdelays, may introduce artifacts due to tandem processing of firstlytransforming from the spectral domain into the frequency domain andagain transforming into typically a different frequency domain and, ofcourse, this also necessitates a substantial amount of computationcomplexity and thereby electric power, which is specifically an issuewhen the bandwidth extension technology is applied in mobile devicessuch as mobile phones, tablet or laptop computers, etc.

Current audio codecs perform low bitrate audio coding using BWE as anintegral part of the coding scheme. However, BWE techniques arerestricted to replace high frequency (HF) content only. Furthermore,they do not allow perceptually important content above a givencross-over frequency to be waveform coded. Therefore, contemporary audiocodecs either lose HF detail or timbre when the BWE is implemented,since the exact alignment of the tonal harmonics of the signal is nottaken into consideration in most of the systems.

Another shortcoming of the current state of the art BWE systems is theneed for transformation of the audio signal into a new domain forimplementation of the BWE (e.g. transform from MDCT to QMF domain). Thisleads to complications of synchronization, additional computationalcomplexity and increased memory requirements.

Typically, bandwidth extension schemes use spectral patching for thepurpose of reconstruction of the high frequency spectral region above agiven so-called cross-over frequency. The HF region is composed ofmultiple adjacent patches and each of these patches is sourced from thesame band-pass region of the low frequency spectrum below the givencross-over frequency. Within a filterbank representation of the signalssuch systems copy a set of adjacent subband coefficients out of the lowfrequency spectrum into the HF region. The boundaries of the selectedsets are typically system dependent and not signal dependent. For somesignal content, this static patch selection can lead to unpleasanttimbre and coloring of the reconstructed signal.

Other approaches transfer the LF signal to the HF region through asignal adaptive single side band (SSB) modulation. Such approaches areof high computational complexity compared to copy-up procedures, sincethey operate at high sampling rate on time domain signals.

Furthermore, the patching can get unstable, especially for non-tonalsignals such as unvoiced speech. Therefore, known patching schemes canintroduce impairments into the audio signal.

SUMMARY

According to an embodiment, an apparatus for decoding an encoded signalmay have: an audio decoder for decoding an encoded representation of afirst set of first spectral portions to obtain a decoded first set offirst spectral portions; a parametric decoder for decoding an encodedparametric representation of a second set of second spectral portions toobtain a decoded representation of the parametric representation,wherein the parametric information includes, for each target frequencytile, a source region identification as a matching information; and afrequency regenerator for regenerating a target frequency tile using asource region from the first set of first spectral portions identifiedby the matching information.

According to another embodiment, an apparatus for encoding an audiosignal may have: a time-spectrum converter for converting an audiosignal into a spectral representation; a spectral analyzer for analyzingthe spectral representation to determine a first set of first spectralportions to be encoded with a first spectral resolution, and a secondset of second spectral portions to be encoded with a second spectralresolution, wherein the second spectral resolution is lower than thefirst spectral resolution; a parameter calculator for calculatingsimilarities between predefined source regions and target regions, asource region having spectral portions and a target region having secondspectral portions, wherein the parameter calculator is configured forcomparing matching results for different pairs of a first spectralportion and a second spectral portion to determine a selected matchingpair and for providing matching information identifying the matchingpair; and a core coder for encoding the first set of first spectralportions, wherein the first set of first spectral portions has thepredefined source regions and spectral portions different from thepredefined source regions.

According to another embodiment, a method of decoding an encoded signalmay have the steps of: decoding an encoded representation of a first setof first spectral portions to obtain a decoded first set of firstspectral portions; decoding an encoded parametric representation of asecond set of second spectral portions to obtain a decodedrepresentation of the parametric representation, wherein the parametricinformation includes, for each target frequency tile, a source regionidentification as a matching information; and regenerating a targetfrequency tile using a source region from the first set of firstspectral portions identified by the matching information.

According to another embodiment, a method of encoding an audio signalmay have the steps of: converting an audio signal into a spectralrepresentation; analyzing the spectral representation to determine afirst set of first spectral portions to be encoded with a first spectralresolution, and a second set of second spectral portions to be encodedwith a second spectral resolution, wherein the second spectralresolution is lower than the first spectral resolution; calculatingsimilarities between predefined source regions and target regions, asource region having spectral portions and a target region having secondspectral portions, wherein the calculating includes comparing matchingresults for different pairs of a first spectral portion and a secondspectral portion to determine a selected matching pair and for providingmatching information identifying the matching pair; and encoding thefirst set of first spectral portions, wherein the first set of firstspectral portions has the predefined source regions and spectralportions different from the predefined source regions.

Another embodiment may have a non-transitory digital storage mediumhaving a computer program stored thereon to perform the method ofdecoding an encoded signal having the steps of: decoding an encodedrepresentation of a first set of first spectral portions to obtain adecoded first set of first spectral portions; decoding an encodedparametric representation of a second set of second spectral portions toobtain a decoded representation of the parametric representation,wherein the parametric information includes, for each target frequencytile, a source region identification as a matching information; andregenerating a target frequency tile using a source region from thefirst set of first spectral portions identified by the matchinginformation, when said computer program is run by a computer.

Another embodiment may have a non-transitory digital storage mediumhaving a computer program stored thereon to perform the method ofencoding an audio signal having the steps of: converting an audio signalinto a spectral representation; analyzing the spectral representation todetermine a first set of first spectral portions to be encoded with afirst spectral resolution, and a second set of second spectral portionsto be encoded with a second spectral resolution, wherein the secondspectral resolution is lower than the first spectral resolution;calculating similarities between predefined source regions and targetregions, a source region having spectral portions and a target regionhaving second spectral portions, wherein the calculating includescomparing matching results for different pairs of a first spectralportion and a second spectral portion to determine a selected matchingpair and for providing matching information identifying the matchingpair; and encoding the first set of first spectral portions, wherein thefirst set of first spectral portions has the predefined source regionsand spectral portions different from the predefined source regions, whensaid computer program is run by a computer.

The present invention is based on the finding that certain impairmentsin audio quality can be remedied by applying a signal adaptive frequencytile filling scheme. To this end, an analysis on the encoder-side isperformed in order to find out the best matching source region candidatefor a certain target region. A matching information identifying for atarget region a certain source region together with optionally someadditional information is generated and transmitted as side informationto the decoder. The decoder then applies a frequency tile fillingoperation using the matching information. To this end, the decoder readsthe matching information from the transmitted data stream or data fileand accesses the source region identified for a certain reconstructionband and, if indicated in the matching information, additionallyperforms some processing of this source region data to generate rawspectral data for the reconstruction band. Then, this result of thefrequency tile filling operation, i.e., the raw spectral data for thereconstruction band, is shaped using spectral envelope information inorder to finally obtain a reconstruction band that comprises the firstspectral portions such as tonal portions as well. These tonal portions,however, are not generated by the adaptive tile filling scheme, butthese first spectral portions are output by the audio decoder or coredecoder directly.

The adaptive spectral tile selection scheme may operate with a lowgranularity. In this implementation, a source region is subdivided intotypically overlapping source regions and the target region or thereconstruction bands are given by non-overlapping frequency targetregions. Then, similarities between each source region and each targetregion are determined on the encoder-side and the best matching pair ofa source region and the target region are identified by the matchinginformation and, on the decoder-side, the source region identified inthe matching information is used for generating the raw spectral datafor the reconstruction band.

For the purpose of obtaining a higher granularity, each source region isallowed to shift in order to obtain a certain lag where the similaritiesare maximum. This lag can be as fine as a frequency bin and allows aneven better matching between a source region and the target region.

Furthermore, in addition of only identifying a best matching pair, thiscorrelation lag can also be transmitted within the matching informationand, additionally, even a sign can be transmitted. When the sign isdetermined to be negative on the encoder-side, then a corresponding signflag is also transmitted within the matching information and, on thedecoder-side, the source region spectral values are multiplied by “−1”or, in a complex representation, are “rotated” by 180 degrees.

A further implementation of this invention applies a tile whiteningoperation. Whitening of a spectrum removes the coarse spectral envelopeinformation and emphasizes the spectral fine structure which is offoremost interest for evaluating tile similarity. Therefore, a frequencytile on the one hand and/or the source signal on the other hand arewhitened before calculating a cross correlation measure. When only thetile is whitened using a predefined procedure, a whitening flag istransmitted indicating to the decoder that the same predefined whiteningprocess shall be applied to the frequency tile within IGF.

Regarding the tile selection, it is advantageous to use the lag of thecorrelation to spectrally shift the regenerated spectrum by an integernumber of transform bins. Depending on the underlying transform, thespectral shifting may necessitate addition corrections. In case of oddlags, the tile is additionally modulated through multiplication by analternating temporal sequence of −1/1 to compensate for thefrequency-reversed representation of every other band within the MDCT.Furthermore, the sign of the correlation result is applied whengenerating the frequency tile.

Furthermore, it is advantageous to use tile pruning and stabilization inorder to make sure that artifacts created by fast changing sourceregions for the same reconstruction region or target region are avoided.To this end, a similarity analysis among the different identified sourceregions is performed and when a source tile is similar to other sourcetiles with a similarity above a threshold, then this source tile can bedropped from the set of potential source tiles since it is highlycorrelated with other source tiles. Furthermore, as a kind of tileselection stabilization, it is advantageous to keep the tile order fromthe previous frame if none of the source tiles in the current framecorrelate (better than a given threshold) with the target tiles in thecurrent frame.

A further aspect is based on the finding that the audio quality of thereconstructed signal can be improved through IGF since the wholespectrum is accessible to the core encoder so that, for example,perceptually important tonal portions in a high spectral range can stillbe encoded by the core coder rather than parametric substitution.Additionally, a gap filling operation using frequency tiles from a firstset of first spectral portions which is, for example, a set of tonalportions typically from a lower frequency range, but also from a higherfrequency range if available, is performed. For the spectral envelopeadjustment on the decoder side, however, the spectral portions from thefirst set of spectral portions located in the reconstruction band arenot further post-processed by e.g. the spectral envelope adjustment.Only the remaining spectral values in the reconstruction band which donot originate from the core decoder are to be envelope adjusted usingenvelope information. Advantageously, the envelope information is a fullband envelope information accounting for the energy of the first set offirst spectral portions in the reconstruction band and the second set ofsecond spectral portions in the same reconstruction band, where thelatter spectral values in the second set of second spectral portions areindicated to be zero and are, therefore, not encoded by the coreencoder, but are parametrically coded with low resolution energyinformation.

It has been found that absolute energy values, either normalized withrespect to the bandwidth of the corresponding band or not normalized,are useful and very efficient in an application on the decoder side.This especially applies when gain factors have to be calculated based ona residual energy in the reconstruction band, the missing energy in thereconstruction band and frequency tile information in the reconstructionband.

Furthermore, it is advantageous that the encoded bitstream not onlycovers energy information for the reconstruction bands but,additionally, scale factors for scale factor bands extending up to themaximum frequency. This ensures that for each reconstruction band, forwhich a certain tonal portion, i.e., a first spectral portion isavailable, this first set of first spectral portion can actually bedecoded with the right amplitude. Furthermore, in addition to the scalefactor for each reconstruction band, an energy for this reconstructionband is generated in an encoder and transmitted to a decoder.Furthermore, it is advantageous that the reconstruction bands coincidewith the scale factor bands or in case of energy grouping, at least theborders of a reconstruction band coincide with borders of scale factorbands.

A further aspect is based on the finding that the problems related tothe separation of the bandwidth extension on the one hand and the corecoding on the other hand can be addressed and overcome by performing thebandwidth extension in the same spectral domain in which the coredecoder operates. Therefore, a full rate core decoder is provided whichencodes and decodes the full audio signal range. This does notnecessitate the need for a downsampler on the encoder side and anupsampler on the decoder side. Instead, the whole processing isperformed in the full sampling rate or full bandwidth domain. In orderto obtain a high coding gain, the audio signal is analyzed in order tofind a first set of first spectral portions which has to be encoded witha high resolution, where this first set of first spectral portions mayinclude, in an embodiment, tonal portions of the audio signal. On theother hand, non-tonal or noisy components in the audio signalconstituting a second set of second spectral portions are parametricallyencoded with low spectral resolution. The encoded audio signal then onlynecessitates the first set of first spectral portions encoded in awaveform-preserving manner with a high spectral resolution and,additionally, the second set of second spectral portions encodedparametrically with a low resolution using frequency “tiles” sourcedfrom the first set. On the decoder side, the core decoder, which is afull band decoder, reconstructs the first set of first spectral portionsin a waveform—preserving manner, i.e., without any knowledge that thereis any additional frequency regeneration. However, the so generatedspectrum has a lot of spectral gaps. These gaps are subsequently filledwith the inventive Intelligent Gap Filling (IGF) technology by using afrequency regeneration applying parametric data on the one hand andusing a source spectral range, i.e., first spectral portionsreconstructed by the full rate audio decoder on the other hand.

In further embodiments, spectral portions, which are reconstructed bynoise filling only rather than bandwidth replication or frequency tilefilling, constitute a third set of third spectral portions. Due to thefact that the coding concept operates in a single domain for the corecoding/decoding on the one hand and the frequency regeneration on theother hand, the IGF is not only restricted to fill up a higher frequencyrange but can fill up lower frequency ranges, either by noise fillingwithout frequency regeneration or by frequency regeneration using afrequency tile at a different frequency range.

Furthermore, it is emphasized that an information on spectral energies,an information on individual energies or an individual energyinformation, an information on a survive energy or a survive energyinformation, an information a tile energy or a tile energy information,or an information on a missing energy or a missing energy informationmay comprise not only an energy value, but also an (e.g. absolute)amplitude value, a level value or any other value, from which a finalenergy value can be derived. Hence, the information on an energy maye.g. comprise the energy value itself, and/or a value of a level and/orof an amplitude and/or of an absolute amplitude.

A further aspect is based on the finding that the correlation situationis not only important for the source range but is also important for thetarget range. Furthermore, the present invention acknowledges thesituation that different correlation situations can occur in the sourcerange and the target range. When, for example, a speech signal with highfrequency noise is considered, the situation can be that the lowfrequency band comprising the speech signal with a small number ofovertones is highly correlated in the left channel and the rightchannel, when the speaker is placed in the middle. The high frequencyportion, however, can be strongly uncorrelated due to the fact thatthere might be a different high frequency noise on the left sidecompared to another high frequency noise or no high frequency noise onthe right side. Thus, when a straightforward gap filling operation wouldbe performed that ignores this situation, then the high frequencyportion would be correlated as well, and this might generate seriousspatial segregation artifacts in the reconstructed signal. In order toaddress this issue, parametric data for a reconstruction band or,generally, for the second set of second spectral portions which have tobe reconstructed using a first set of first spectral portions iscalculated to identify either a first or a second different two-channelrepresentation for the second spectral portion or, stated differently,for the reconstruction band. On the encoder side, a two-channelidentification is, therefore calculated for the second spectralportions, i.e., for the portions, for which, additionally, energyinformation for reconstruction bands is calculated. A frequencyregenerator on the decoder side then regenerates a second spectralportion depending on a first portion of the first set of first spectralportions, i.e., the source range and parametric data for the secondportion such as spectral envelope energy information or any otherspectral envelope data and, additionally, dependent on the two-channelidentification for the second portion, i.e., for this reconstructionband under reconsideration.

The two-channel identification is advantageously transmitted as a flagfor each reconstruction band and this data is transmitted from anencoder to a decoder and the decoder then decodes the core signal asindicated by advantageously calculated flags for the core bands. Then,in an implementation, the core signal is stored in both stereorepresentations (e.g. left/right and mid/side) and, for the IGFfrequency tile filling, the source tile representation is chosen to fitthe target tile representation as indicated by the two-channelidentification flags for the intelligent gap filling or reconstructionbands, i.e., for the target range.

It is emphasized that this procedure not only works for stereo signals,i.e., for a left channel and the right channel but also operates formulti-channel signals. In the case of multi-channel signals, severalpairs of different channels can be processed in that way such as a leftand a right channel as a first pair, a left surround channel and a rightsurround as the second pair and a center channel and an LFE channel asthe third pair. Other pairings can be determined for higher outputchannel formats such as 7.1, 11.1 and so on.

A further aspect is based on the finding that an improved quality andreduced bitrate specifically for signals comprising transient portionsas they occur very often in audio signals is obtained by combining theTemporal Noise Shaping (TNS) or Temporal Tile Shaping (TTS) technologywith high frequency reconstruction. The TNS/TTS processing on theencoder-side being implemented by a prediction over frequencyreconstructs the time envelope of the audio signal. Depending on theimplementation, i.e., when the temporal noise shaping filter isdetermined within a frequency range not only covering the sourcefrequency range but also the target frequency range to be reconstructedin a frequency regeneration decoder, the temporal envelope is not onlyapplied to the core audio signal up to a gap filling start frequency,but the temporal envelope is also applied to the spectral ranges ofreconstructed second spectral portions. Thus, pre-echoes or post-echoesthat would occur without temporal tile shaping are reduced oreliminated. This is accomplished by applying an inverse prediction overfrequency not only within the core frequency range up to a certain gapfilling start frequency but also within a frequency range above the corefrequency range. To this end, the frequency regeneration or frequencytile generation is performed on the decoder-side before applying aprediction over frequency. However, the prediction over frequency caneither be applied before or subsequent to spectral envelope shapingdepending on whether the energy information calculation has beenperformed on the spectral residual values subsequent to filtering or tothe (full) spectral values before envelope shaping.

The TTS processing over one or more frequency tiles additionallyestablishes a continuity of correlation between the source range and thereconstruction range or in two adjacent reconstruction ranges orfrequency tiles.

In an implementation, it is advantageous to use complex TNS/TTSfiltering. Thereby, the (temporal) aliasing artifacts of a criticallysampled real representation, like MDCT, are avoided. A complex TNSfilter can be calculated on the encoder-side by applying not only amodified discrete cosine transform but also a modified discrete sinetransform in addition to obtain a complex modified transform.Nevertheless, only the modified discrete cosine transform values, i.e.,the real part of the complex transform is transmitted. On thedecoder-side, however, it is possible to estimate the imaginary part ofthe transform using MDCT spectra of preceding or subsequent frames sothat, on the decoder-side, the complex filter can be again applied inthe inverse prediction over frequency and, specifically, the predictionover the border between the source range and the reconstruction rangeand also over the border between frequency-adjacent frequency tileswithin the reconstruction range.

The inventive audio coding system efficiently codes arbitrary audiosignals at a wide range of bitrates. Whereas, for high bitrates, theinventive system converges to transparency, for low bitrates perceptualannoyance is minimized. Therefore, the main share of available bitrateis used to waveform code just the perceptually most relevant structureof the signal in the encoder, and the resulting spectral gaps are filledin the decoder with signal content that roughly approximates theoriginal spectrum. A very limited bit budget is consumed to control theparameter driven so-called spectral Intelligent Gap Filling (IGF) bydedicated side information transmitted from the encoder to the decoder.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the present invention will be detailed subsequentlyreferring to the appended drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 a illustrates an apparatus for encoding an audio signal;

FIG. 1 b illustrates a decoder for decoding an encoded audio signalmatching with the encoder of FIG. 1 a;

FIG. 2 a illustrates an implementation of the decoder;

FIG. 2 b illustrates an implementation of the encoder;

FIG. 3 a illustrates a schematic representation of a spectrum asgenerated by the spectral domain decoder of FIG. 1 b;

FIG. 3 b illustrates a table indicating the relation between scalefactors for scale factor bands and energies for reconstruction bands andnoise filling information for a noise filling band;

FIG. 4 a illustrates the functionality of the spectral domain encoderfor applying the selection of spectral portions into the first andsecond sets of spectral portions;

FIG. 4 b illustrates an implementation of the functionality of FIG. 4 a;

FIG. 5 a illustrates a functionality of an MDCT encoder;

FIG. 5 b illustrates a functionality of the decoder with an MDCTtechnology;

FIG. 5 c illustrates an implementation of the frequency regenerator;

FIG. 6 a illustrates an audio coder with temporal noise shaping/temporaltile shaping functionality;

FIG. 6 b illustrates a decoder with temporal noise shaping/temporal tileshaping technology;

FIG. 6 c illustrates a further functionality of temporal noiseshaping/temporal tile shaping functionality with a different order ofthe spectral prediction filter and the spectral shaper;

FIG. 7 a illustrates an implementation of the temporal tile shaping(TTS) functionality;

FIG. 7 b illustrates a decoder implementation matching with the encoderimplementation of FIG. 7 a;

FIG. 7 c illustrates a spectrogram of an original signal and an extendedsignal without TTS;

FIG. 7 d illustrates a frequency representation illustrating thecorrespondence between intelligent gap filling frequencies and temporaltile shaping energies;

FIG. 7 e illustrates a spectrogram of an original signal and an extendedsignal with TTS;

FIG. 8 a illustrates a two-channel decoder with frequency regeneration;

FIG. 8 b illustrates a table illustrating different combinations ofrepresentations and source/destination ranges;

FIG. 8 c illustrates flow chart illustrating the functionality of thetwo-channel decoder with frequency regeneration of FIG. 8 a;

FIG. 8 d illustrates a more detailed implementation of the decoder ofFIG. 8 a;

FIG. 8 e illustrates an implementation of an encoder for the two-channelprocessing to be decoded by the decoder of FIG. 8 a:

FIG. 9 a illustrates a decoder with frequency regeneration technologyusing energy values for the regeneration frequency range;

FIG. 9 b illustrates a more detailed implementation of the frequencyregenerator of FIG. 9 a;

FIG. 9 c illustrates a schematic illustrating the functionality of FIG.9 b;

FIG. 9 d illustrates a further implementation of the decoder of FIG. 9a;

FIG. 10 a illustrates a block diagram of an encoder matching with thedecoder of FIG. 9 a;

FIG. 10 b illustrates a block diagram for illustrating a furtherfunctionality of the parameter calculator of FIG. 10 a;

FIG. 10 c illustrates a block diagram illustrating a furtherfunctionality of the parametric calculator of FIG. 10 a;

FIG. 10 d illustrates a block diagram illustrating a furtherfunctionality of the parametric calculator of FIG. 10 a;

FIG. 11 a illustrates a further decoder having a specific source rangeidentification for a spectral tiling operation in the decoder;

FIG. 11 b illustrates the further functionality of the frequencyregenerator of FIG. 11 a;

FIG. 11 c illustrates an encoder used for cooperating with the decoderin FIG. 11 a;

FIG. 11 d illustrates a block diagram of an implementation of theparameter calculator of FIG. 11 c;

FIGS. 12 a and 12 b illustrate frequency sketches for illustrating asource range and a target range;

FIG. 12 c illustrates a plot of an example correlation of two signals;

FIG. 13 a illustrates a conventional encoder with bandwidth extension;and

FIG. 13 b illustrates a conventional decoder with bandwidth extension.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 1 a illustrates an apparatus for encoding an audio signal 99. Theaudio signal 99 is input into a time spectrum converter 100 forconverting an audio signal having a sampling rate into a spectralrepresentation 101 output by the time spectrum converter. The spectrum101 is input into a spectral analyzer 102 for analyzing the spectralrepresentation 101. The spectral analyzer 101 is configured fordetermining a first set of first spectral portions 103 to be encodedwith a first spectral resolution and a different second set of secondspectral portions 105 to be encoded with a second spectral resolution.The second spectral resolution is smaller than the first spectralresolution. The second set of second spectral portions 105 is input intoa parameter calculator or parametric coder 104 for calculating spectralenvelope information having the second spectral resolution. Furthermore,a spectral domain audio coder 106 is provided for generating a firstencoded representation 107 of the first set of first spectral portionshaving the first spectral resolution. Furthermore, the parametercalculator/parametric coder 104 is configured for generating a secondencoded representation 109 of the second set of second spectralportions. The first encoded representation 107 and the second encodedrepresentation 109 are input into a bit stream multiplexer or bit streamformer 108 and block 108 finally outputs the encoded audio signal fortransmission or storage on a storage device.

Typically, a first spectral portion such as 306 of FIG. 3 a will besurrounded by two second spectral portions such as 307 a, 307 b. This isnot the case in HE AAC, where the core coder frequency range is bandlimited

FIG. 1 b illustrates a decoder matching with the encoder of FIG. 1 a .The first encoded representation 107 is input into a spectral domainaudio decoder 112 for generating a first decoded representation of afirst set of first spectral portions, the decoded representation havinga first spectral resolution. Furthermore, the second encodedrepresentation 109 is input into a parametric decoder 114 for generatinga second decoded representation of a second set of second spectralportions having a second spectral resolution being lower than the firstspectral resolution.

The decoder further comprises a frequency regenerator 116 forregenerating a reconstructed second spectral portion having the firstspectral resolution using a first spectral portion. The frequencyregenerator 116 performs a tile filling operation, i.e., uses a tile orportion of the first set of first spectral portions and copies thisfirst set of first spectral portions into the reconstruction range orreconstruction band having the second spectral portion and typicallyperforms spectral envelope shaping or another operation as indicated bythe decoded second representation output by the parametric decoder 114,i.e., by using the information on the second set of second spectralportions. The decoded first set of first spectral portions and thereconstructed second set of spectral portions as indicated at the outputof the frequency regenerator 116 on line 117 is input into aspectrum-time converter 118 configured for converting the first decodedrepresentation and the reconstructed second spectral portion into a timerepresentation 119, the time representation having a certain highsampling rate.

FIG. 2 b illustrates an implementation of the FIG. 1 a encoder. An audioinput signal 99 is input into an analysis filterbank 220 correspondingto the time spectrum converter 100 of FIG. 1 a . Then, a temporal noiseshaping operation is performed in TNS block 222. Therefore, the inputinto the spectral analyzer 102 of FIG. 1 a corresponding to a blocktonal mask 226 of FIG. 2 b can either be full spectral values, when thetemporal noise shaping/temporal tile shaping operation is not applied orcan be spectral residual values, when the TNS operation as illustratedin FIG. 2 b , block 222 is applied. For two-channel signals ormulti-channel signals, a joint channel coding 228 can additionally beperformed, so that the spectral domain encoder 106 of FIG. 1 a maycomprise the joint channel coding block 228. Furthermore, an entropycoder 232 for performing a lossless data compression is provided whichis also a portion of the spectral domain encoder 106 of FIG. 1 a.

The spectral analyzer/tonal mask 226 separates the output of TNS block222 into the core band and the tonal components corresponding to thefirst set of first spectral portions 103 and the residual componentscorresponding to the second set of second spectral portions 105 of FIG.1 a . The block 224 indicated as IGF parameter extraction encodingcorresponds to the parametric coder 104 of FIG. 1 a and the bitstreammultiplexer 230 corresponds to the bitstream multiplexer 108 of FIG. 1a.

Advantageously, the analysis filterbank 222 is implemented as an MDCT(modified discrete cosine transform filterbank) and the MDCT is used totransform the signal 99 into a time-frequency domain with the modifieddiscrete cosine transform acting as the frequency analysis tool.

The spectral analyzer 226 advantageously applies a tonality mask. Thistonality mask estimation stage is used to separate tonal components fromthe noise-like components in the signal. This allows the core coder 228to code all tonal components with a psycho-acoustic module. The tonalitymask estimation stage can be implemented in numerous different ways andis advantageously implemented similar in its functionality to thesinusoidal track estimation stage used in sine and noise-modeling forspeech/audio coding [8, 9] or an HILN model based audio coder describedin [10]. Advantageously, an implementation is used which is easy toimplement without the need to maintain birth-death trajectories, but anyother tonality or noise detector can be used as well.

The IGF module calculates the similarity that exists between a sourceregion and a target region. The target region will be represented by thespectrum from the source region. The measure of similarity between thesource and target regions is done using a cross-correlation approach.The target region is split into nTar non-overlapping frequency tiles.For every tile in the target region, nSrc source tiles are created froma fixed start frequency. These source tiles overlap by a factor between0 and 1, where 0 means 0% overlap and 1 means 100% overlap. Each ofthese source tiles is correlated with the target tile at various lags tofind the source tile that best matches the target tile. The bestmatching tile number is stored in tileNum[idx_tar], the lag at which itbest correlates with the target is stored in xcorr_lag[idx_tar][idx_src]and the sign of the correlation is stored inxcorr_sign[idx_tar][idx_src]. In case the correlation is highlynegative, the source tile needs to be multiplied by −1 before the tilefilling process at the decoder. The IGF module also takes care of notoverwriting the tonal components in the spectrum since the tonalcomponents are preserved using the tonality mask. A band-wise energyparameter is used to store the energy of the target region enabling usto reconstruct the spectrum accurately.

This method has certain advantages over the classical SBR [1] in thatthe harmonic grid of a multi-tone signal is preserved by the core coderwhile only the gaps between the sinusoids is filled with the bestmatching “shaped noise” from the source region. Another advantage ofthis system compared to ASR (Accurate Spectral Replacement) [2-4] is theabsence of a signal synthesis stage which creates the important portionsof the signal at the decoder. Instead, this task is taken over by thecore coder, enabling the preservation of important components of thespectrum. Another advantage of the proposed system is the continuousscalability that the features offer. Just using tileNum[idx_tar] andxcorr_lag=0, for every tile is called gross granularity matching and canbe used for low bitrates while using variable xcorr_lag for every tileenables us to match the target and source spectra better.

In addition, a tile choice stabilization technique is proposed whichremoves frequency domain artifacts such as trilling and musical noise.

In case of stereo channel pairs an additional joint stereo processing isapplied. This is necessitated, because for a certain destination rangethe signal can a highly correlated panned sound source. In case thesource regions chosen for this particular region are not wellcorrelated, although the energies are matched for the destinationregions, the spatial image can suffer due to the uncorrelated sourceregions. The encoder analyses each destination region energy band,typically performing a cross-correlation of the spectral values and if acertain threshold is exceeded, sets a joint flag for this energy band.In the decoder the left and right channel energy bands are treatedindividually if this joint stereo flag is not set. In case the jointstereo flag is set, both the energies and the patching are performed inthe joint stereo domain. The joint stereo information for the IGFregions is signaled similar the joint stereo information for the corecoding, including a flag indicating in case of prediction if thedirection of the prediction is from downmix to residual or vice versa.

The energies can be calculated from the transmitted energies in theL/R-domain.midNrg[k]=leftNrg[k]+rightNrg[k];sideNrg[k]=leftNrg[k]−rightNrg[k];

with k being the frequency index in the transform domain.

Another solution is to calculate and transmit the energies directly inthe joint stereo domain for bands where joint stereo is active, so noadditional energy transformation is needed at the decoder side.

The source tiles are created according to the Mid/Side-Matrix:midTile[k]=0.5·(leftTile[k]+rightTile[k])sideTile[k]=0.5·(leftTile[k]−rightTile[k])Energy adjustment:midTile[k]=midTile[k]*midNrg[k];sideTile[k]=sideTile[k]*sideNrg[k];

Joint stereo→LR transformation:

If no additional prediction parameter is coded:leftTile[k]=midTile[k]+sideTile[k]rightTile[k]=midTile[k]−sideTile[k]

If an additional prediction parameter is coded and if the signalleddirection is from mid to side:sideTile[k]=sideTile[k]−predictionCoeff·midTile[k]leftTile[k]=midTile[k]+sideTile[k]rightTile[k]=midTile[k]−sideTile[k]

If the signalled direction is from side to mid:midTile1[k]=midTile[k]−predictionCoeff·sideTile[k]leftTile[k]=midTile1[k]−sideTile[k]rightTile[k]=midTile1[k]+sideTile[k]

This processing ensures that from the tiles used for regenerating highlycorrelated destination regions and panned destination regions, theresulting left and right channels still represent a correlated andpanned sound source even if the source regions are not correlated,preserving the stereo image for such regions.

In other words, in the bitstream, joint stereo flags are transmittedthat indicate whether L/R or M/S as an example for the general jointstereo coding shall be used. In the decoder, first, the core signal isdecoded as indicated by the joint stereo flags for the core bands.Second, the core signal is stored in both L/R and M/S representation.For the IGF tile filling, the source tile representation is chosen tofit the target tile representation as indicated by the joint stereoinformation for the IGF bands.

Temporal Noise Shaping (TNS) is a standard technique and part of AAC[11-13]. TNS can be considered as an extension of the basic scheme of aperceptual coder, inserting an optional processing step between thefilterbank and the quantization stage. The main task of the TNS moduleis to hide the produced quantization noise in the temporal maskingregion of transient like signals and thus it leads to a more efficientcoding scheme. First, TNS calculates a set of prediction coefficientsusing “forward prediction” in the transform domain, e.g. MDCT. Thesecoefficients are then used for flattening the temporal envelope of thesignal. As the quantization affects the TNS filtered spectrum, also thequantization noise is temporarily flat. By applying the invers TNSfiltering on decoder side, the quantization noise is shaped according tothe temporal envelope of the TNS filter and therefore the quantizationnoise gets masked by the transient.

IGF is based on an MDCT representation. For efficient coding,advantageously long blocks of approx. 20 ms have to be used. If thesignal within such a long block contains transients, audible pre- andpost-echoes occur in the IGF spectral bands due to the tile filling.FIG. 7 c shows a typical pre-echo effect before the transient onset dueto IGF. On the left side, the spectrogram of the original signal isshown and on the right side the spectrogram of the bandwidth extendedsignal without TNS filtering is shown.

This pre-echo effect is reduced by using TNS in the IGF context. Here,TNS is used as a temporal tile shaping (TTS) tool as the spectralregeneration in the decoder is performed on the TNS residual signal. Thenecessitated TTS prediction coefficients are calculated and appliedusing the full spectrum on encoder side as usual. The TNS/TTS start andstop frequencies are not affected by the IGF start frequencyf_(IGFstart) of the IGF tool. In comparison to the legacy TNS, the TTSstop frequency is increased to the stop frequency of the IGF tool, whichis higher than f_(IGFstart). On decoder side the TNS/TTS coefficientsare applied on the full spectrum again, i.e. the core spectrum plus theregenerated spectrum plus the tonal components from the tonality map(see FIG. 7 e ). The application of TTS is necessitated to form thetemporal envelope of the regenerated spectrum to match the envelope ofthe original signal again. So the shown pre-echoes are reduced. Inaddition, it still shapes the quantization noise in the signal belowf_(IGFstart) as usual with TNS.

In legacy decoders, spectral patching on an audio signal corruptsspectral correlation at the patch borders and thereby impairs thetemporal envelope of the audio signal by introducing dispersion. Hence,another benefit of performing the IGF tile filling on the residualsignal is that, after application of the shaping filter, tile bordersare seamlessly correlated, resulting in a more faithful temporalreproduction of the signal.

In an inventive encoder, the spectrum having undergone TNS/TTSfiltering, tonality mask processing and IGF parameter estimation isdevoid of any signal above the IGF start frequency except for tonalcomponents. This sparse spectrum is now coded by the core coder usingprinciples of arithmetic coding and predictive coding. These codedcomponents along with the signaling bits form the bitstream of theaudio.

FIG. 2 a illustrates the corresponding decoder implementation. Thebitstream in FIG. 2 a corresponding to the encoded audio signal is inputinto the demultiplexer/decoder which would be connected, with respect toFIG. 1 b , to the blocks 112 and 114. The bitstream demultiplexerseparates the input audio signal into the first encoded representation107 of FIG. 1 b and the second encoded representation 109 of FIG. 1 b .The first encoded representation having the first set of first spectralportions is input into the joint channel decoding block 204corresponding to the spectral domain decoder 112 of FIG. 1 b . Thesecond encoded representation is input into the parametric decoder 114not illustrated in FIG. 2 a and then input into the IGF block 202corresponding to the frequency regenerator 116 of FIG. 1 b . The firstset of first spectral portions necessitated for frequency regenerationare input into IGF block 202 via line 203. Furthermore, subsequent tojoint channel decoding 204 the specific core decoding is applied in thetonal mask block 206 so that the output of tonal mask 206 corresponds tothe output of the spectral domain decoder 112. Then, a combination bycombiner 208 is performed, i.e., a frame building where the output ofcombiner 208 now has the full range spectrum, but still in the TNS/TTSfiltered domain. Then, in block 210, an inverse TNS/TTS operation isperformed using TNS/TTS filter information provided via line 109, i.e.,the TTS side information is advantageously included in the first encodedrepresentation generated by the spectral domain encoder 106 which can,for example, be a straightforward AAC or USAC core encoder, or can alsobe included in the second encoded representation. At the output of block210, a complete spectrum until the maximum frequency is provided whichis the full range frequency defined by the sampling rate of the originalinput signal. Then, a spectrum/time conversion is performed in thesynthesis filterbank 212 to finally obtain the audio output signal.

FIG. 3 a illustrates a schematic representation of the spectrum. Thespectrum is subdivided in scale factor bands SCB where there are sevenscale factor bands SCB1 to SCB7 in the illustrated example of FIG. 3 a .The scale factor bands can be AAC scale factor bands which are definedin the AAC standard and have an increasing bandwidth to upperfrequencies as illustrated in FIG. 3 a schematically. It is advantageousto perform intelligent gap filling not from the very beginning of thespectrum, i.e., at low frequencies, but to start the IGF operation at anIGF start frequency illustrated at 309. Therefore, the core frequencyband extends from the lowest frequency to the IGF start frequency. Abovethe IGF start frequency, the spectrum analysis is applied to separatehigh resolution spectral components 304, 305, 306, 307 (the first set offirst spectral portions) from low resolution components represented bythe second set of second spectral portions. FIG. 3 a illustrates aspectrum which is exemplarily input into the spectral domain encoder 106or the joint channel coder 228, i.e., the core encoder operates in thefull range, but encodes a significant amount of zero spectral values,i.e., these zero spectral values are quantized to zero or are set tozero before quantizing or subsequent to quantizing. Anyway, the coreencoder operates in full range, i.e., as if the spectrum would be asillustrated, i.e., the core decoder does not necessarily have to beaware of any intelligent gap filling or encoding of the second set ofsecond spectral portions with a lower spectral resolution.

Advantageously, the high resolution is defined by a line-wise coding ofspectral lines such as MDCT lines, while the second resolution or lowresolution is defined by, for example, calculating only a singlespectral value per scale factor band, where a scale factor band coversseveral frequency lines. Thus, the second low resolution is, withrespect to its spectral resolution, much lower than the first or highresolution defined by the line-wise coding typically applied by the coreencoder such as an AAC or USAC core encoder.

Regarding scale factor or energy calculation, the situation isillustrated in FIG. 3 b . Due to the fact that the encoder is a coreencoder and due to the fact that there can, but does not necessarilyhave to be, components of the first set of spectral portions in eachband, the core encoder calculates a scale factor for each band not onlyin the core range below the IGF start frequency 309, but also above theIGF start frequency until the maximum frequency f_(IGFstop) which issmaller or equal to the half of the sampling frequency, i.e., f_(s/2).Thus, the encoded tonal portions 302, 304, 305, 306, 307 of FIG. 3 aand, in this embodiment together with the scale factors SCB1 to SCB7correspond to the high resolution spectral data. The low resolutionspectral data are calculated starting from the IGF start frequency andcorrespond to the energy information values E₁, E₂, E₃, E₄, which aretransmitted together with the scale factors SF4 to SF7.

Particularly, when the core encoder is under a low bitrate condition, anadditional noise-filling operation in the core band, i.e., lower infrequency than the IGF start frequency, i.e., in scale factor bands SCB1to SCB3 can be applied in addition. In noise-filling, there existseveral adjacent spectral lines which have been quantized to zero. Onthe decoder-side, these quantized to zero spectral values arere-synthesized and the re-synthesized spectral values are adjusted intheir magnitude using a noise-filling energy such as NF₂ illustrated at308 in FIG. 3 b . The noise-filling energy, which can be given inabsolute terms or in relative terms particularly with respect to thescale factor as in USAC corresponds to the energy of the set of spectralvalues quantized to zero. These noise-filling spectral lines can also beconsidered to be a third set of third spectral portions which areregenerated by straightforward noise-filling synthesis without any IGFoperation relying on frequency regeneration using frequency tiles fromother frequencies for reconstructing frequency tiles using spectralvalues from a source range and the energy information E₁, E₂, E₃, E₄.

Advantageously, the bands, for which energy information is calculatedcoincide with the scale factor bands. In other embodiments, an energyinformation value grouping is applied so that, for example, for scalefactor bands 4 and 5, only a single energy information value istransmitted, but even in this embodiment, the borders of the groupedreconstruction bands coincide with borders of the scale factor bands. Ifdifferent band separations are applied, then certain re-calculations orsynchronization calculations may be applied, and this can make sensedepending on the certain implementation.

Advantageously, the spectral domain encoder 106 of FIG. 1 a is apsycho-acoustically driven encoder as illustrated in FIG. 4 a .Typically, as for example illustrated in the MPEG2/4 AAC standard orMPEG1/2, Layer 3 standard, the to be encoded audio signal after havingbeen transformed into the spectral range (401 in FIG. 4 a ) is forwardedto a scale factor calculator 400. The scale factor calculator iscontrolled by a psycho-acoustic model additionally receiving the to bequantized audio signal or receiving, as in the MPEG1/2 Layer 3 or MPEGAAC standard, a complex spectral representation of the audio signal. Thepsycho-acoustic model calculates, for each scale factor band, a scalefactor representing the psycho-acoustic threshold. Additionally, thescale factors are then, by cooperation of the well-known inner and outeriteration loops or by any other suitable encoding procedure adjusted sothat certain bitrate conditions are fulfilled. Then, the to be quantizedspectral values on the one hand and the calculated scale factors on theother hand are input into a quantizer processor 404. In thestraightforward audio encoder operation, the to be quantized spectralvalues are weighted by the scale factors and, the weighted spectralvalues are then input into a fixed quantizer typically having acompression functionality to upper amplitude ranges. Then, at the outputof the quantizer processor there do exist quantization indices which arethen forwarded into an entropy encoder typically having specific andvery efficient coding for a set of zero-quantization indices foradjacent frequency values or, as also called in the art, a “run” of zerovalues.

In the audio encoder of FIG. 1 a , however, the quantizer processortypically receives information on the second spectral portions from thespectral analyzer. Thus, the quantizer processor 404 makes sure that, inthe output of the quantizer processor 404, the second spectral portionsas identified by the spectral analyzer 102 are zero or have arepresentation acknowledged by an encoder or a decoder as a zerorepresentation which can be very efficiently coded, specifically whenthere exist “runs” of zero values in the spectrum.

FIG. 4 b illustrates an implementation of the quantizer processor. TheMDCT spectral values can be input into a set to zero block 410. Then,the second spectral portions are already set to zero before a weightingby the scale factors in block 412 is performed. In an additionalimplementation, block 410 is not provided, but the set to zerocooperation is performed in block 418 subsequent to the weighting block412. In an even further implementation, the set to zero operation canalso be performed in a set to zero block 422 subsequent to aquantization in the quantizer block 420. In this implementation, blocks410 and 418 would not be present. Generally, at least one of the blocks410, 418, 422 are provided depending on the specific implementation.

Then, at the output of block 422, a quantized spectrum is obtainedcorresponding to what is illustrated in FIG. 3 a . This quantizedspectrum is then input into an entropy coder such as 232 in FIG. 2 bwhich can be a Huffman coder or an arithmetic coder as, for example,defined in the USAC standard.

The set to zero blocks 410, 418, 422, which are provided alternativelyto each other or in parallel are controlled by the spectral analyzer424. The spectral analyzer advantageously comprises any implementationof a well-known tonality detector or comprises any different kind ofdetector operative for separating a spectrum into components to beencoded with a high resolution and components to be encoded with a lowresolution. Other such algorithms implemented in the spectral analyzercan be a voice activity detector, a noise detector, a speech detector orany other detector deciding, depending on spectral information orassociated metadata on the resolution requirements for differentspectral portions.

FIG. 5 a illustrates an implementation of the time spectrum converter100 of FIG. 1 a as, for example, implemented in AAC or USAC. The timespectrum converter 100 comprises a windower 502 controlled by atransient detector 504. When the transient detector 504 detects atransient, then a switchover from long windows to short windows issignaled to the windower. The windower 502 then calculates, foroverlapping blocks, windowed frames, where each windowed frame typicallyhas two N values such as 2048 values. Then, a transformation within ablock transformer 506 is performed, and this block transformer typicallyadditionally provides a decimation, so that a combineddecimation/transform is performed to obtain a spectral frame with Nvalues such as MDCT spectral values. Thus, for a long window operation,the frame at the input of block 506 comprises two N values such as 2048values and a spectral frame then has 1024 values. Then, however, aswitch is performed to short blocks, when eight short blocks areperformed where each short block has ⅛ windowed time domain valuescompared to a long window and each spectral block has ⅛ spectral valuescompared to a long block. Thus, when this decimation is combined with a50% overlap operation of the windower, the spectrum is a criticallysampled version of the time domain audio signal 99.

Subsequently, reference is made to FIG. 5 b illustrating a specificimplementation of frequency regenerator 116 and the spectrum-timeconverter 118 of FIG. 1 b , or of the combined operation of blocks 208,212 of FIG. 2 a . In FIG. 5 b , a specific reconstruction band isconsidered such as scale factor band 6 of FIG. 3 a . The first spectralportion in this reconstruction band, i.e., the first spectral portion306 of FIG. 3 a is input into the frame builder/adjustor block 510.Furthermore, a reconstructed second spectral portion for the scalefactor band 6 is input into the frame builder/adjuster 510 as well.Furthermore, energy information such as E₃ of FIG. 3 b for a scalefactor band 6 is also input into block 510. The reconstructed secondspectral portion in the reconstruction band has already been generatedby frequency tile filling using a source range and the reconstructionband then corresponds to the target range. Now, an energy adjustment ofthe frame is performed to then finally obtain the complete reconstructedframe having the N values as, for example, obtained at the output ofcombiner 208 of FIG. 2 a . Then, in block 512, an inverse blocktransform/interpolation is performed to obtain 248 time domain valuesfor the for example 124 spectral values at the input of block 512. Then,a synthesis windowing operation is performed in block 514 which is againcontrolled by a long window/short window indication transmitted as sideinformation in the encoded audio signal. Then, in block 516, anoverlap/add operation with a previous time frame is performed.Advantageously, MDCT applies a 50% overlap so that, for each new timeframe of 2N values, N time domain values are finally output. A 50%overlap is heavily advantageous due to the fact that it providescritical sampling and a continuous crossover from one frame to the nextframe due to the overlap/add operation in block 516.

As illustrated at 301 in FIG. 3 a , a noise-filling operation canadditionally be applied not only below the IGF start frequency, but alsoabove the IGF start frequency such as for the contemplatedreconstruction band coinciding with scale factor band 6 of FIG. 3 a .Then, noise-filling spectral values can also be input into the framebuilder/adjuster 510 and the adjustment of the noise-filling spectralvalues can also be applied within this block or the noise-fillingspectral values can already be adjusted using the noise-filling energybefore being input into the frame builder/adjuster 510.

Advantageously, an IGF operation, i.e., a frequency tile fillingoperation using spectral values from other portions can be applied inthe complete spectrum. Thus, a spectral tile filling operation can notonly be applied in the high band above an IGF start frequency but canalso be applied in the low band. Furthermore, the noise-filling withoutfrequency tile filling can also be applied not only below the IGF startfrequency but also above the IGF start frequency. It has, however, beenfound that high quality and high efficient audio encoding can beobtained when the noise-filling operation is limited to the frequencyrange below the IGF start frequency and when the frequency tile fillingoperation is restricted to the frequency range above the IGF startfrequency as illustrated in FIG. 3 a.

Advantageously, the target tiles (TT) (having frequencies greater thanthe IGF start frequency) are bound to scale factor band borders of thefull rate coder. Source tiles (ST), from which information is taken,i.e., for frequencies lower than the IGF start frequency are not boundby scale factor band borders. The size of the ST should correspond tothe size of the associated TT. This is illustrated using the followingexample. TT[0] has a length of 10 MDCT Bins. This exactly corresponds tothe length of two subsequent SCBs (such as 4+6). Then, all possible STthat are to be correlated with TT[0], have a length of 10 bins, too. Asecond target tile TT[1] being adjacent to TT[0] has a length of 15 binsI (SCB having a length of 7+8). Then, the ST for that have a length of15 bins rather than 10 bins as for TT[0].

Should the case arise that one cannot find a TT for an ST with thelength of the target tile (when e.g. the length of TT is greater thanthe available source range), then a correlation is not calculated andthe source range is copied a number of times into this TT (the copyingis done one after the other so that a frequency line for the lowestfrequency of the second copy immediately follows—in frequency—thefrequency line for the highest frequency of the first copy), until thetarget tile TT is completely filled up.

Subsequently, reference is made to FIG. 5 c illustrating a furtherembodiment of the frequency regenerator 116 of FIG. 1 b or the IGF block202 of FIG. 2 a . Block 522 is a frequency tile generator receiving, notonly a target band ID, but additionally receiving a source band ID.Exemplarily, it has been determined on the encoder-side that the scalefactor band 3 of FIG. 3 a is very well suited for reconstructing scalefactor band 7. Thus, the source band ID would be 2 and the target bandID would be 7. Based on this information, the frequency tile generator522 applies a copy up or harmonic tile filling operation or any othertile filling operation to generate the raw second portion of spectralcomponents 523. The raw second portion of spectral components has afrequency resolution identical to the frequency resolution included inthe first set of first spectral portions.

Then, the first spectral portion of the reconstruction band such as 307of FIG. 3 a is input into a frame builder 524 and the raw second portion523 is also input into the frame builder 524. Then, the reconstructedframe is adjusted by the adjuster 526 using a gain factor for thereconstruction band calculated by the gain factor calculator 528.Importantly, however, the first spectral portion in the frame is notinfluenced by the adjuster 526, but only the raw second portion for thereconstruction frame is influenced by the adjuster 526. To this end, thegain factor calculator 528 analyzes the source band or the raw secondportion 523 and additionally analyzes the first spectral portion in thereconstruction band to finally find the correct gain factor 527 so thatthe energy of the adjusted frame output by the adjuster 526 has theenergy E₄ when a scale factor band 7 is contemplated.

In this context, it is very important to evaluate the high frequencyreconstruction accuracy of the present invention compared to HE-AAC.This is explained with respect to scale factor band 7 in FIG. 3 a . Itis assumed that a conventional encoder such as illustrated in FIG. 13 awould detect the spectral portion 307 to be encoded with a highresolution as a “missing harmonics”. Then, the energy of this spectralcomponent would be transmitted together with a spectral envelopeinformation for the reconstruction band such as scale factor band 7 tothe decoder. Then, the decoder would recreate the missing harmonic.However, the spectral value, at which the missing harmonic 307 would bereconstructed by the conventional decoder of FIG. 13 b would be in themiddle of band 7 at a frequency indicated by reconstruction frequency390. Thus, the present invention avoids a frequency error 391 whichwould be introduced by the conventional decoder of FIG. 13 d.

In an implementation, the spectral analyzer is also implemented tocalculating similarities between first spectral portions and secondspectral portions and to determine, based on the calculatedsimilarities, for a second spectral portion in a reconstruction range afirst spectral portion matching with the second spectral portion as faras possible. Then, in this variable source range/destination rangeimplementation, the parametric coder will additionally introduce intothe second encoded representation a matching information indicating foreach destination range a matching source range. On the decoder-side,this information would then be used by a frequency tile generator 522 ofFIG. 5 c illustrating a generation of a raw second portion 523 based ona source band ID and a target band ID.

Furthermore, as illustrated in FIG. 3 a , the spectral analyzer isconfigured to analyze the spectral representation up to a maximumanalysis frequency being only a small amount below half of the samplingfrequency and advantageously being at least one quarter of the samplingfrequency or typically higher.

As illustrated, the encoder operates without downsampling and thedecoder operates without upsampling. In other words, the spectral domainaudio coder is configured to generate a spectral representation having aNyquist frequency defined by the sampling rate of the originally inputaudio signal.

Furthermore, as illustrated in FIG. 3 a , the spectral analyzer isconfigured to analyze the spectral representation starting with a gapfilling start frequency and ending with a maximum frequency representedby a maximum frequency included in the spectral representation, whereina spectral portion extending from a minimum frequency up to the gapfilling start frequency belongs to the first set of spectral portionsand wherein a further spectral portion such as 304, 305, 306, 307 havingfrequency values above the gap filling frequency additionally isincluded in the first set of first spectral portions.

As outlined, the spectral domain audio decoder 112 is configured so thata maximum frequency represented by a spectral value in the first decodedrepresentation is equal to a maximum frequency included in the timerepresentation having the sampling rate wherein the spectral value forthe maximum frequency in the first set of first spectral portions iszero or different from zero. Anyway, for this maximum frequency in thefirst set of spectral components a scale factor for the scale factorband exists, which is generated and transmitted irrespective of whetherall spectral values in this scale factor band are set to zero or not asdiscussed in the context of FIGS. 3 a and 3 b.

The invention is, therefore, advantageous that with respect to otherparametric techniques to increase compression efficiency, e.g. noisesubstitution and noise filling (these techniques are exclusively forefficient representation of noise like local signal content) theinvention allows an accurate frequency reproduction of tonal components.To date, no state-of-the-art technique addresses the efficientparametric representation of arbitrary signal content by spectral gapfilling without the restriction of a fixed a-priory division in low band(LF) and high band (HF).

Embodiments of the inventive system improve the state-of-the-artapproaches and thereby provides high compression efficiency, no or onlya small perceptual annoyance and full audio bandwidth even for lowbitrates.

The general system consists of

-   -   full band core coding    -   intelligent gap filling (tile filling or noise filling)    -   sparse tonal parts in core selected by tonal mask    -   joint stereo pair coding for full band, including tile filling    -   TNS on tile    -   spectral whitening in IGF range

A first step towards a more efficient system is to remove the need fortransforming spectral data into a second transform domain different fromthe one of the core coder. As the majority of audio codecs, such as AACfor instance, use the MDCT as basic transform, it is useful to performthe BWE in the MDCT domain also. A second requirement for the BWE systemwould be the need to preserve the tonal grid whereby even HF tonalcomponents are preserved and the quality of the coded audio is thussuperior to the existing systems. To take care of both the abovementioned requirements for a BWE scheme, a new system is proposed calledIntelligent Gap Filling (IGF). FIG. 2 b shows the block diagram of theproposed system on the encoder-side and FIG. 2 a shows the system on thedecoder-side.

FIG. 6 a illustrates an apparatus for decoding an encoded audio signalin another implementation of the present invention. The apparatus fordecoding comprises a spectral domain audio decoder 602 for generating afirst decoded representation of a first set of spectral portions and asthe frequency regenerator 604 connected downstream of the spectraldomain audio decoder 602 for generating a reconstructed second spectralportion using a first spectral portion of the first set of firstspectral portions. As illustrated at 603, the spectral values in thefirst spectral portion and in the second spectral portion are spectralprediction residual values. In order to transform these spectralprediction residual values into a full spectral representation, aspectral prediction filter 606 is provided. This inverse predictionfilter is configured for performing an inverse prediction over frequencyusing the spectral residual values for the first set of the firstfrequency and the reconstructed second spectral portions. The spectralinverse prediction filter 606 is configured by filter informationincluded in the encoded audio signal. FIG. 6 b illustrates a moredetailed implementation of the FIG. 6 a embodiment. The spectralprediction residual values 603 are input into a frequency tile generator612 generating raw spectral values for a reconstruction band or for acertain second frequency portion and this raw data now having the sameresolution as the high resolution first spectral representation is inputinto the spectral shaper 614. The spectral shaper now shapes thespectrum using envelope information transmitted in the bitstream and thespectrally shaped data are then applied to the spectral predictionfilter 616 finally generating a frame of full spectral values using thefilter information 607 transmitted from the encoder to the decoder viathe bitstream.

In FIG. 6 b , it is assumed that, on the encoder-side, the calculationof the filter information transmitted via the bitstream and used vialine 607 is performed subsequent to the calculating of the envelopeinformation. Therefore, in other words, an encoder matching with thedecoder of FIG. 6 b would calculate the spectral residual values firstand would then calculate the envelope information with the spectralresidual values as, for example, illustrated in FIG. 7 a . However, theother implementation is useful for certain implementations as well,where the envelope information is calculated before performing TNS orTTS filtering on the encoder-side. Then, the spectral prediction filter622 is applied before performing spectral shaping in block 624. Thus, inother words, the (full) spectral values are generated before thespectral shaping operation 624 is applied.

Advantageously, a complex valued TNS filter or TTS filter is calculated.This is illustrated in FIG. 7 a . The original audio signal is inputinto a complex MDCT block 702. Then, the TTS filter calculation and TTSfiltering is performed in the complex domain. Then, in block 706, theIGF side information is calculated and any other operation such asspectral analysis for coding etc. are calculated as well. Then, thefirst set of first spectral portion generated by block 706 is encodedwith a psycho-acoustic model-driven encoder illustrated at 708 to obtainthe first set of first spectral portions indicated at X(k) in FIG. 7 aand all these data is forwarded to the bitstream multiplexer 710.

On the decoder-side, the encoded data is input into a demultiplexer 720to separate IGF side information on the one hand, TTS side informationon the other hand and the encoded representation of the first set offirst spectral portions.

Then, block 724 is used for calculating a complex spectrum from one ormore real-valued spectra. Then, both the real-valued and the complexspectra are input into block 726 to generate reconstructed frequencyvalues in the second set of second spectral portions for areconstruction band. Then, on the completely obtained and tile filledfull band frame, the inverse TTS operation 728 is performed and, on thedecoder-side, a final inverse complex MDCT operation is performed inblock 730. Thus, the usage of complex TNS filter information allows,when being applied not only within the core band or within the separatetile bands but being applied over the core/tile borders or the tile/tileborders automatically generates a tile border processing, which, in theend, reintroduces a spectral correlation between tiles. This spectralcorrelation over tile borders is not obtained by only generatingfrequency tiles and performing a spectral envelope adjustment on thisraw data of the frequency tiles.

FIG. 7 c illustrates a comparison of an original signal (left panel) andan extended signal without TTS. It can be seen that there are strongartifacts illustrated by the broadened portions in the upper frequencyrange illustrated at 750. This, however, does not occur in FIG. 7 e whenthe same spectral portion at 750 is compared with the artifact-relatedcomponent 750 of FIG. 7 c.

Embodiments or the inventive audio coding system use the main share ofavailable bitrate to waveform code only the perceptually most relevantstructure of the signal in the encoder, and the resulting spectral gapsare filled in the decoder with signal content that roughly approximatesthe original spectrum. A very limited bit budget is consumed to controlthe parameter driven so-called spectral Intelligent Gap Filling (IGF) bydedicated side information transmitted from the encoder to the decoder.

Storage or transmission of audio signals is often subject to strictbitrate constraints. In the past, coders were forced to drasticallyreduce the transmitted audio bandwidth when only a very low bitrate wasavailable. Modern audio codecs are nowadays able to code wide-bandsignals by using bandwidth extension (BWE) methods like SpectralBandwidth Replication (SBR) [1]. These algorithms rely on a parametricrepresentation of the high-frequency content (HF)—which is generatedfrom the waveform coded low-frequency part (LF) of the decoded signal bymeans of transposition into the HF spectral region (“patching”) andapplication of a parameter driven post processing. In BWE schemes, thereconstruction of the HF spectral region above a given so-calledcross-over frequency is often based on spectral patching. Typically, theHF region is composed of multiple adjacent patches and each of thesepatches is sourced from band-pass (BP) regions of the LF spectrum belowthe given cross-over frequency. State-of-the-art systems efficientlyperform the patching within a filterbank representation by copying a setof adjacent subband coefficients from a source to the target region.

If a BWE system is implemented in a filterbank or time-frequencytransform domain, there is only a limited possibility to control thetemporal shape of the bandwidth extension signal. Typically, thetemporal granularity is limited by the hop-size used between adjacenttransform windows. This can lead to unwanted pre- or post-echoes in theBWE spectral range.

From perceptual audio coding, it is known that the shape of the temporalenvelope of an audio signal can be restored by using spectral filteringtechniques like Temporal Envelope Shaping (TNS) [14]. However, the TNSfilter known from state-of-the-art is a real-valued filter onreal-valued spectra. Such a real-valued filter on real-valued spectracan be seriously impaired by aliasing artifacts, especially if theunderlying real transform is a Modified Discrete Cosine Transform(MDCT).

The temporal envelope tile shaping applies complex filtering oncomplex-valued spectra, like obtained from e.g. a Complex ModifiedDiscrete Cosine Transform (CMDCT). Thereby, aliasing artifacts areavoided.

The temporal tile shaping consists of

-   -   complex filter coefficient estimation and application of a        flattening filter on the original signal spectrum at the encoder    -   transmission of the filter coefficients in the side information    -   application of a shaping filter on the tile filled reconstructed        spectrum in the decoder

The invention extends state-of-the-art technique known from audiotransform coding, specifically Temporal Noise Shaping (TNS) by linearprediction along frequency direction, for the use in a modified mannerin the context of bandwidth extension.

Further, the inventive bandwidth extension algorithm is based onIntelligent Gap Filling (IGF), but employs an oversampled,complex-valued transform (CMDCT), as opposed to the IGF standardconfiguration that relies on a real-valued critically sampled MDCTrepresentation of a signal. The CMDCT can be seen as the combination ofthe MDCT coefficients in the real part and the MDST coefficients in theimaginary part of each complex-valued spectral coefficient.

Although the new approach is described in the context of IGF, theinventive processing can be used in combination with any BWE method thatis based on a filter bank representation of the audio signal.

In this novel context, linear prediction along frequency direction isnot used as temporal noise shaping, but rather as a temporal tileshaping (TTS) technique. The renaming is justified by the fact that tilefilled signal components are temporally shaped by TTS as opposed to thequantization noise shaping by TNS in state-of-the-art perceptualtransform codecs.

FIG. 7 a shows a block diagram of a BWE encoder using IGF and the newTTS approach.

So the basic encoding scheme works as follows:

-   -   compute the CMDCT of a time domain signal x(n) to get the        frequency domain signal X(k)    -   calculate the complex-valued TTS filter    -   get the side information for the BWE and remove the spectral        information which has to be replicated by the decoder    -   apply the quantization using the psycho acoustic module (PAM)    -   store/transmit the data, only real-valued MDCT coefficients are        transmitted

FIG. 7 b shows the corresponding decoder. It reverses mainly the stepsdone in the encoder.

Here, the basic decoding scheme works as follows:

-   -   estimate the MDST coefficients from of the MDCT values (this        processing adds one block decoder delay) and combine MDCT and        MDST coefficients into complex-valued CMDCT coefficients    -   perform the tile filling with its post processing    -   apply the inverse TTS filtering with the transmitted TTS filter        coefficients    -   calculate the inverse CMDCT

Note that, alternatively, the order of TTS synthesis and IGFpost-processing can also be reversed in the decoder if TTS analysis andIGF parameter estimation are consistently reversed in the encoder.

For efficient transform coding, advantageously so-called “long blocks”of approx. 20 ms have to be used to achieve reasonable transform gain.If the signal within such a long block contains transients, audible pre-and post-echoes occur in the reconstructed spectral bands due to tilefilling. FIG. 7 c shows typical pre- and post-echo effects that impairthe transients due to IGF. On the left panel of FIG. 7 c , thespectrogram of the original signal is shown, and on the right panel thespectrogram of the tile filled signal without inventive TTS filtering isshown. In this example, the IGF start frequency f_(IGFstart) orf_(Split) between core band and tile-filled band is chosen to bef_(s)/4. In the right panel of FIG. 7 c , distinct pre- and post-echoesare visible surrounding the transients, especially prominent at theupper spectral end of the replicated frequency region.

The main task of the TTS module is to confine these unwanted signalcomponents in close vicinity around a transient and thereby hide them inthe temporal region governed by the temporal masking effect of humanperception. Therefore, the necessitated TTS prediction coefficients arecalculated and applied using “forward prediction” in the CMDCT domain.

In an embodiment that combines TTS and IGF into a codec it is importantto align certain TTS parameters and IGF parameters such that an IGF tileis either entirely filtered by one TTS filter (flattening or shapingfilter) or not. Therefore, all TTSstart[ . . . ] or TTSstop[ . . . ]frequencies shall not be comprised within an IGF tile, but rather bealigned to the respective f_(IGF_) frequencies. FIG. 7 d shows anexample of TTS and IGF operating areas for a set of three TTS filters.

The TTS stop frequency is adjusted to the stop frequency of the IGFtool, which is higher than f_(IGFstart). If TTS uses more than onefilter, it has to be ensured that the cross-over frequency between twoTTS filters has to match the IGF split frequency. Otherwise, one TTSsub-filter will run over f_(IGFstart) resulting in unwanted artifactslike over-shaping.

In the implementation variant depicted in FIG. 7 a and FIG. 7 b ,additional care has to be taken that in that decoder IGF energies areadjusted correctly. This is especially the case if, in the course of TTSand IGF processing, different TTS filters having different predictiongains are applied to source region (as a flattening filter) and targetspectral region (as a shaping filter which is not the exact counterpartof said flattening filter) of one IGF tile. In this case, the predictiongain ratio of the two applied TTS filters does not equal one anymore andtherefore an energy adjustment by this ratio has to be applied.

In the alternative implementation variant, the order of IGFpost-processing and TTS is reversed. In the decoder, this means that theenergy adjustment by IGF post-processing is calculated subsequent to TTSfiltering and thereby is the final processing step before the synthesistransform. Therefore, regardless of different TTS filter gains beingapplied to one tile during coding, the final energy is adjustedcorrectly by the IGF processing.

On decoder-side, the TTS filter coefficients are applied on the fullspectrum again, i.e. the core spectrum extended by the regeneratedspectrum. The application of the TTS is necessitated to form thetemporal envelope of the regenerated spectrum to match the envelope ofthe original signal again. So the shown pre-echoes are reduced. Inaddition, it still temporally shapes the quantization noise in thesignal below f_(IGFstart) as usual with legacy TNS.

In legacy coders, spectral patching on an audio signal (e.g. SBR)corrupts spectral correlation at the patch borders and thereby impairsthe temporal envelope of the audio signal by introducing dispersion.Hence, another benefit of performing the IGF tile filling on theresidual signal is that, after application of the TTS shaping filter,tile borders are seamlessly correlated, resulting in a more faithfultemporal reproduction of the signal.

The result of the accordingly processed signal is shown in FIG. 7 e . Incomparison the unfiltered version (FIG. 7 c , right panel) the TTSfiltered signal shows a good reduction of the unwanted pre- andpost-echoes (FIG. 7 e , right panel).

Furthermore, as discussed, FIG. 7 a illustrates an encoder matching withthe decoder of FIG. 7 b or the decoder of FIG. 6 a . Basically, anapparatus for encoding an audio signal comprises a time-spectrumconverter such as 702 for converting an audio signal into a spectralrepresentation. The spectral representation can be a real value spectralrepresentation or, as illustrated in block 702, a complex value spectralrepresentation. Furthermore, a prediction filter such as 704 forperforming a prediction over frequency is provided to generate spectralresidual values, wherein the prediction filter 704 is defined byprediction filter information derived from the audio signal andforwarded to a bitstream multiplexer 710, as illustrated at 714 in FIG.7 a . Furthermore, an audio coder such as the psycho-acoustically drivenaudio encoder 704 is provided. The audio coder is configured forencoding a first set of first spectral portions of the spectral residualvalues to obtain an encoded first set of first spectral values.Additionally, a parametric coder such as the one illustrated at 706 inFIG. 7 a is provided for encoding a second set of second spectralportions. Advantageously, the first set of first spectral portions isencoded with a higher spectral resolution compared to the second set ofsecond spectral portions.

Finally, as illustrated in FIG. 7 a , an output interface is providedfor outputting the encoded signal comprising the parametrically encodedsecond set of second spectral portions, the encoded first set of firstspectral portions and the filter information illustrated as “ITS sideinfo” at 714 in FIG. 7 a.

Advantageously, the prediction filter 704 comprises a filter informationcalculator configured for using the spectral values of the spectralrepresentation for calculating the filter information. Furthermore, theprediction filter is configured for calculating the spectral residualvalues using the same spectral values of the spectral representationused for calculating the filter information.

Advantageously, the TTS filter 704 is configured in the same way asknown for conventional audio encoders applying the TNS tool inaccordance with the AAC standard.

Subsequently, a further implementation using two-channel decoding isdiscussed in the context of FIGS. 8 a to 8 e . Furthermore, reference ismade to the description of the corresponding elements in the context ofFIGS. 2 a, 2 b (joint channel coding 228 and joint channel decoding204).

FIG. 8 a illustrates an audio decoder for generating a decodedtwo-channel signal. The audio decoder comprises four audio decoders 802for decoding an encoded two-channel signal to obtain a first set offirst spectral portions and additionally a parametric decoder 804 forproviding parametric data for a second set of second spectral portionsand, additionally, a two-channel identification identifying either afirst or a second different two-channel representation for the secondspectral portions. Additionally, a frequency regenerator 806 is providedfor regenerating a second spectral portion depending on a first spectralportion of the first set of first spectral portions and parametric datafor the second portion and the two-channel identification for the secondportion. FIG. 8 b illustrates different combinations for two-channelrepresentations in the source range and the destination range. Thesource range can be in the first two-channel representation and thedestination range can also be in the first two-channel representation.Alternatively, the source range can be in the first two-channelrepresentation and the destination range can be in the secondtwo-channel representation. Furthermore, the source range can be in thesecond two-channel representation and the destination range can be inthe first two-channel representation as indicated in the third column ofFIG. 8 b . Finally, both, the source range and the destination range canbe in the second two-channel representation. In an embodiment, the firsttwo-channel representation is a separate two-channel representationwhere the two channels of the two-channel signal are individuallyrepresented. Then, the second two-channel representation is a jointrepresentation where the two channels of the two-channel representationare represented jointly, i.e., where a further processing orrepresentation transform is necessitated to re-calculate a separatetwo-channel representation as necessitated for outputting tocorresponding speakers.

In an implementation, the first two-channel representation can be aleft/right (L/R) representation and the second two-channelrepresentation is a joint stereo representation. However, othertwo-channel representations apart from left/right or M/S or stereoprediction can be applied and used for the present invention.

FIG. 8 c illustrates a flow chart for operations performed by the audiodecoder of FIG. 8 a . In a step 812, the audio decoder 802 performs adecoding of the source range. The source range can comprise, withrespect to FIG. 3 a , scale factor bands SCB1 to SCB3. Furthermore,there can be a two-channel identification for each scale factor band andscale factor band 1 can, for example, be in the first representation(such as L/R) and the third scale factor band can be in the secondtwo-channel representation such as M/S or prediction downmix/residual.Thus, step 812 may result in different representations for differentbands. Then, in step 814, the frequency regenerator 806 is configuredfor selecting a source range for a frequency regeneration. In step 816,the frequency regenerator 806 then checks the representation of thesource range and in block 818, the frequency regenerator 806 comparesthe two-channel representation of the source range with the two-channelrepresentation of the target range. If both representations areidentical, the frequency regenerator 806 provides a separate frequencyregeneration for each channel of the two-channel signal. When, however,both representations as detected in block 818 are not identical, thensignal flow 824 is taken and block 822 calculates the other two-channelrepresentation from the source range and uses this calculated othertwo-channel representation for the regeneration of the target range.Thus, the decoder of FIG. 8 a makes it possible to regenerate adestination range indicated as having the second two-channelidentification using a source range being in the first two-channelrepresentation. Naturally, the present invention additionally allows toregenerate a target range using a source range having the sametwo-channel identification. And, additionally, the present inventionallows to regenerate a target range having a two-channel identificationindicating a joint two-channel representation and to then transform thisrepresentation into a separate channel representation necessitated forstorage or transmission to corresponding loudspeakers for thetwo-channel signal.

It is emphasized that the two channels of the two-channel representationcan be two stereo channels such as the left channel and the rightchannel. However, the signal can also be a multi-channel signal having,for example, five channels and a sub-woofer channel or having even morechannels. Then, a pair-wise two-channel processing as discussed in thecontext of FIGS. 8 a to 8 e can be performed where the pairs can, forexample, be a left channel and a right channel, a left surround channeland a right surround channel, and a center channel and an LFE(subwoofer) channel. Any other pairings can be used in order torepresent, for example, six input channels by three two-channelprocessing procedures.

FIG. 8 d illustrates a block diagram of an inventive decodercorresponding to FIG. 8 a . A source range or a core decoder 830 maycorrespond to the audio decoder 802. The other blocks 832, 834, 836,838, 840, 842 and 846 can be parts of the frequency regenerator 806 ofFIG. 8 a . Particularly, block 832 is a representation transformer fortransforming source range representations in individual bands so that,at the output of block 832, a complete set of the source range in thefirst representation on the one hand and in the second two-channelrepresentation on the other hand is present. These two complete sourcerange representations can be stored in the storage 834 for bothrepresentations of the source range.

Then, block 836 applies a frequency tile generation using, as in input,a source range ID and additionally using as an input a two-channel IDfor the target range. Based on the two-channel ID for the target range,the frequency tile generator accesses the storage 834 and receives thetwo-channel representation of the source range matching with thetwo-channel ID for the target range input into the frequency tilegenerator at 835. Thus, when the two-channel ID for the target rangeindicates joint stereo processing, then the frequency tile generator 836accesses the storage 834 in order to obtain the joint stereorepresentation of the source range indicated by the source range ID 833.

The frequency tile generator 836 performs this operation for each targetrange and the output of the frequency tile generator is so that eachchannel of the channel representation identified by the two-channelidentification is present. Then, an envelope adjustment by an envelopeadjuster 838 is performed. The envelope adjustment is performed in thetwo-channel domain identified by the two-channel identification. To thisend, envelope adjustment parameters are necessitated and theseparameters are either transmitted from the encoder to the decoder in thesame two-channel representation as described. When, the two-channelidentification in the target range to be processed by the envelopeadjuster has a two-channel identification indicating a differenttwo-channel representation than the envelope data for this target range,then a parameter transformer 840 transforms the envelope parameters intothe necessitated two-channel representation. When, for example, thetwo-channel identification for one band indicates joint stereo codingand when the parameters for this target range have been transmitted asL/R envelope parameters, then the parameter transformer calculates thejoint stereo envelope parameters from the L/R envelope parameters asdescribed so that the correct parametric representation is used for thespectral envelope adjustment of a target range.

In another embodiment the envelope parameters are already transmitted asjoint stereo parameters when joint stereo is used in a target band.

When it is assumed that the input into the envelope adjuster 838 is aset of target ranges having different two-channel representations, thenthe output of the envelope adjuster 838 is a set of target ranges indifferent two-channel representations as well. When, a target range hasa joined representation such as M/S, then this target range is processedby a representation transformer 842 for calculating the separaterepresentation necessitated for a storage or transmission toloudspeakers. When, however, a target range already has a separaterepresentation, signal flow 844 is taken and the representationtransformer 842 is bypassed. At the output of block 842, a two-channelspectral representation being a separate two-channel representation isobtained which can then be further processed as indicated by block 846,where this further processing may, for example, be a frequency/timeconversion or any other necessitated processing.

Advantageously, the second spectral portions correspond to frequencybands, and the two-channel identification is provided as an array offlags corresponding to the table of FIG. 8 b , where one flag for eachfrequency band exists. Then, the parametric decoder is configured tocheck whether the flag is set or not and to control the frequencyregenerator 106 in accordance with a flag to use either a firstrepresentation or a second representation of the first spectral portion.

In an embodiment, only the reconstruction range starting with the IGFstart frequency 309 of FIG. 3 a has two-channel identifications fordifferent reconstruction bands. In a further embodiment, this is alsoapplied for the frequency range below the IGF start frequency 309.

In a further embodiment, the source band identification and the targetband identification can be adaptively determined by a similarityanalysis. However, the inventive two-channel processing can also beapplied when there is a fixed association of a source range to a targetrange. A source range can be used for recreating a, with respect tofrequency, broader target range either by a harmonic frequency tilefilling operation or a copy-up frequency tile filling operation usingtwo or more frequency tile filling operations similar to the processingfor multiple patches known from high efficiency AAC processing.

FIG. 8 e illustrates an audio encoder for encoding a two-channel audiosignal. The encoder comprises a time-spectrum converter 860 forconverting the two-channel audio signal into spectral representation.Furthermore, a spectral analyzer 866 for converting the two-channelaudio channel audio signal into a spectral representation. Furthermore,a spectral analyzer 866 is provided for performing an analysis in orderto determine, which spectral portions are to be encoded with a highresolution, i.e., to find out the first set of first spectral portionsand to additionally find out the second set of second spectral portions.

Furthermore, a two-channel analyzer 864 is provided for analyzing thesecond set of second spectral portions to determine a two-channelidentification identifying either a first two-channel representation ora second two-channel representation.

Depending on the result of the two-channel analyzer, a band in thesecond spectral representation is either parameterized using the firsttwo-channel representation or the second two-channel representation, andthis is performed by a parameter encoder 868. The core frequency range,i.e., the frequency band below the IGF start frequency 309 of FIG. 3 ais encoded by a core encoder 870. The result of blocks 868 and 870 areinput into an output interface 872. As indicated, the two-channelanalyzer provides a two-channel identification for each band eitherabove the IGF start frequency or for the whole frequency range, and thistwo-channel identification is also forwarded to the output interface 872so that this data is also included in an encoded signal 873 output bythe output interface 872.

Furthermore, it is advantageous that the audio encoder comprises abandwise transformer 862. Based on the decision of the two-channelanalyzer 862, the output signal of the time spectrum converter 862 istransformed into a representation indicated by the two-channel analyzerand, particularly, by the two-channel ID 835. Thus, an output of thebandwise transformer 862 is a set of frequency bands where eachfrequency band can either be in the first two-channel representation orthe second different two-channel representation. When the presentinvention is applied in full band, i.e., when the source range and thereconstruction range are both processed by the bandwise transformer, thespectral analyzer 860 can analyze this representation. Alternatively,however, the spectral analyzer 860 can also analyze the signal output bythe time spectrum converter as indicated by control line 861. Thus, thespectral analyzer 860 can either apply the advantageous tonalityanalysis on the output of the bandwise transformer 862 or the output ofthe time spectrum converter 860 before having been processed by thebandwise transformer 862. Furthermore, the spectral analyzer can applythe identification of the best matching source range for a certaintarget range either on the result of the bandwise transformer 862 or onthe result of the time-spectrum converter 860.

Subsequently, reference is made to FIGS. 9 a to 9 d for illustrating aadvantageous calculation of the energy information values alreadydiscussed in the context of FIG. 3 a and FIG. 3 b.

Modern state of the art audio coders apply various techniques tominimize the amount of data representing a given audio signal. Audiocoders like USAC [1] apply a time to frequency transformation like theMDCT to get a spectral representation of a given audio signal. TheseMDCT coefficients are quantized exploiting the psychoacoustic aspects ofthe human hearing system. If the available bitrate is decreased thequantization gets coarser introducing large numbers of zeroed spectralvalues which lead to audible artifacts at the decoder side. To improvethe perceptual quality, state of the art decoders fill these zeroedspectral parts with random noise. The IGF method harvests tiles from theremaining non zero signal to fill those gaps in the spectrum. It iscrucial for the perceptual quality of the decoded audio signal that thespectral envelope and the energy distribution of spectral coefficientsare preserved. The energy adjustment method presented here usestransmitted side information to reconstruct the spectral MDCT envelopeof the audio signal.

Within eSBR [15] the audio signal is downsampled at least by a factor oftwo and the high frequency part of the spectrum is completely zeroed out[1, 17]. This deleted part is replaced by parametric techniques, eSBR,on the decoder side. eSBR implies the usage of an additional transform,the QMF transformation which is used to replace the empty high frequencypart and to resample the audio signal [17]. This adds both computationalcomplexity and memory consumption to an audio coder.

The USAC coder [15] offers the possibility to fill spectral holes(zeroed spectral lines) with random noise but has the followingdownsides: random noise cannot preserve the temporal fine structure of atransient signal and it cannot preserve the harmonic structure of atonal signal.

The area where eSBR operates on the decoder side was completely deletedby the encoder [1]. Therefore eSBR is prone to delete tonal lines inhigh frequency region or distort harmonic structures of the originalsignal. As the QMF frequency resolution of eSBR is very low andreinsertion of sinusoidal components is only possible in the coarseresolution of the underlying filterbank, the regeneration of tonalcomponents in eSBR in the replicated frequency range has very lowprecision.

eSBR uses techniques to adjust energies of patched areas, the spectralenvelope adjustment [1]. This technique uses transmitted energy valueson a QMF frequency time grid to reshape the spectral envelope. Thisstate of the art technique does not handle partly deleted spectra andbecause of the high time resolution it is either prone to need arelatively large amount of bits to transmit appropriate energy values orto apply a coarse quantization to the energy values.

The method of IGF does not need an additional transformation as it usesthe legacy MDCT transformation which is calculated as described in [15].

The energy adjustment method presented here uses side informationgenerated by the encoder to reconstruct the spectral envelope of theaudio signal. This side information is generated by the encoder asoutlined below:

-   a) Apply a windowed MDCT transform to the input audio signal [16,    section 4.6], optionally calculate a windowed MDST, or estimate a    windowed MDST from the calculated MDCT-   b) Apply TNS/TTS on the MDCT coefficients [15, section 7.8]-   c) Calculate the average energy for every MDCT scale factor band    above the IGF start frequency (f_(IGFstart)) up to IGF stop    frequency (f_(IGFstop))    -   d) Quantize the average energy values f_(IGFstart) and        f_(IGFstop) are user given parameters.

The calculated values from step c) and d) are lossless encoded andtransmitted as side information with the bit stream to the decoder.

The decoder receives the transmitted values and uses them to adjust thespectral envelope.

-   a) Dequantize transmitted MDCT values-   b) Apply legacy USAC noise filling if signaled-   c) Apply IGF tile filling-   d) Dequantize transmitted energy values-   e) Adjust spectral envelope scale factor band wise-   f) Apply TNS/TTS if signaled

Let {circumflex over (x)}∈

^(N) be the MDCT transformed, real valued spectral representation of awindowed audio signal of window-length 2N. This transformation isdescribed in [16]. The encoder optionally applies TNS on z.

In [16, 4.6.2] a partition of {circumflex over (x)} in scale-factorbands is described. Scale-factor bands are a set of a set of indices andare denoted in this text with scb.

The limits of each scb_(k) with k=0, 1, 2, . . . max_sfb are defined byan array swb_offset (16, 4.6.2), where swb_offset[k] andswb_offset[k+1]−1 define first and last index for the lowest and highestspectral coefficient line contained in scb_(k). We denote thescale-factor bandscb _(k) :={swb_offset[k],1+swb_offset[k],2+swb_offset[k], . . .,swb_offset[k+1]−1}

If the IGF tool is used by the encoder, the user defines an IGF startfrequency and an IGF stop frequency. These two values are mapped to thebest fitting scale-factor band index igfStartSfb and igfStopSfb. Bothare signaled in the bit stream to the decoder.

[16] describes both a long block and short block transformation. Forlong blocks only one set of spectral coefficients together with one setof scale-factors is transmitted to the decoder. For short blocks eightshort windows with eight different sets of spectral coefficients arecalculated. To save bitrate, the scale-factors of those eight shortblock windows are grouped by the encoder.

In case of IGF the method presented here uses legacy scale factor bandsto group spectral values which are transmitted to the decoder:

$E_{k} = \sqrt{\frac{1}{❘{scb}_{k}❘}{\sum\limits_{i\epsilon{scb}_{k}}{\hat{x}}_{i}^{2}}}$

Where k=igfStartSfb, 1+igfStartSfb, 2+igfStartSfb, . . . , igfEndSfb.

For quantizingÊ _(k) =nINT(4 log₂(E _(k)))

is calculated. All values Ê_(k) are transmitted to the decoder.

We assume that the encoder decides to group num_window_groupscale-factor sets. We denote with w this grouping-partition of the set{0, 1, 2, . . . , 7} which are the indices of the eight short windows.w_(l) denotes the l-th subset of w, where l denotes the index of thewindow group, 0≤l<num_window_group.

For short block calculation the user defined IGF start/stop frequency ismapped to appropriate scale-factor bands. However, for simplicity onedenotes for short blocks k=igfStartSfb, 1+igfStartSfb, 2+igfStartSfb, .. . , igfEndSfb as well.

The IGF energy calculation uses the grouping information to group thevalues E_(k,l):

$E_{k,l}:=\sqrt{\frac{1}{❘w_{l}❘}{\sum\limits_{j\epsilon w_{l}}{\frac{1}{❘{scb}_{k}❘}{\sum\limits_{i\epsilon{scb}_{k}}{\hat{x}}_{j,i}^{2}}}}}$

For quantizingÊ _(k,l) =nINT(4 log₂(E _(k,l)))

is calculated. All values Ê_(k,l) are transmitted to the decoder.

The above-mentioned encoding formulas operate using only real-valuedMDCT coefficients {circumflex over (x)}. To obtain a more stable energydistribution in the IGF range, that is, to reduce temporal amplitudefluctuations, an alternative method can be used to calculate the valuesÊ_(k):

Let {circumflex over (x)}_(r)∈

^(N) be the MDCT transformed, real valued spectral representation of awindowed audio signal of window-length 2N, and {circumflex over(x)}_(i)∈

^(N) the real valued MDST transformed spectral representation of thesame portion of the audio signal. The MDST spectral representation{circumflex over (x)}_(i) could be either calculated exactly orestimated from {circumflex over (x)}_(r). ĉ:=({circumflex over(x)}_(r),{circumflex over (x)}_(i))∈

^(N) denotes the complex spectral representation of the windowed audiosignal, having {circumflex over (x)}_(r) as its real part and{circumflex over (x)}_(i) as its imaginary part. The encoder optionallyapplies TNS on {circumflex over (x)}_(r) and {circumflex over (x)}_(i).

Now the energy of the signal in the IGF range can be measured with

$E_{ok} = {\frac{1}{❘{scb}_{k}❘}{\sum\limits_{i\epsilon{scb}_{k}}{\hat{c}}_{i}^{2}}}$

The real- and complex-valued energies of the reconstruction band, thatis, the tile which should be used on the decoder side in thereconstruction of the IGF range scb_(k), is calculated with:

${E_{tk} = {\frac{1}{❘{scb}_{k}❘}{\sum\limits_{i\epsilon{tr}_{k}}{\hat{c}}_{i}^{2}}}},{E_{rk} = {\frac{1}{❘{scb}_{k}❘}{\sum\limits_{i\epsilon{tr}_{k}}{\hat{x}}_{r_{i}}^{2}}}}$

where tr_(k) is a set of indices—the associated source tile range, independency of scb_(k). In the two formulae above, instead of the indexset scb_(k), the set scb_(k) (defined later in this text) could be usedto create tr_(k) to achieve more accurate values E_(t) and E_(r).

Calculate

$f_{k} = \frac{E_{ok}}{E_{tk}}$

if E_(tk)>0, else f_(k)=0.

WithE _(k)=√{square root over (f _(k) E _(rk))}

now a more stable version of E_(k) is calculated, since a calculation ofE_(k) with MDCT values only is impaired by the fact that MDCT values donot obey Parseval's theorem, and therefore they do not reflect thecomplete energy information of spectral values. Ê_(k) is calculated asabove.

As noted earlier, for short blocks we assume that the encoder decides togroup num_window_group scale-factor sets. As above, w₁ denotes the l-thsubset of w, where l denotes the index of the window group,0≤l<num_window_group.

Again, the alternative version outlined above to calculate a more stableversion of E_(k,l) could be calculated. With the defines ofĉ:=({circumflex over (x)}_(r),{circumflex over (x)}_(i))∈

^(N), {circumflex over (x)}_(r) ∈

^(N) being the MDCT transformed and {circumflex over (x)}_(i) ∈

^(N) being the MDST transformed windowed audio signal of length 2N,calculate

$E_{{ok},l} = {\frac{1}{❘w_{l}❘}{\sum\limits_{l\epsilon w_{l}}{\frac{1}{❘{scb}_{k}❘}{\sum\limits_{i\epsilon{scb}_{k}}{\hat{c}}_{i,l}^{2}}}}}$

Analogously calculate

${E_{{tk},l} = {\frac{1}{❘w_{l}❘}{\sum\limits_{l\epsilon w_{l}}{\frac{1}{❘{scb}_{k}❘}{\sum\limits_{i\epsilon{tr}_{k}}{\hat{c}}_{i,l}^{2}}}}}},{E_{{rk},l} = {\frac{1}{❘w_{l}❘}{\sum\limits_{l\epsilon w_{l}}{\frac{1}{❘{scb}_{k}❘}{\sum\limits_{i\epsilon{tr}_{k}}{\hat{x}}_{r,l}^{2}}}}}}$

and proceed with the factor f_(k,l)

$f_{k,l} = \frac{E_{{ok},l}}{E_{{tk},l}}$

which is used to adjust the previously calculated E_(rk,l):E _(k,l)=√{square root over (f _(k,l) E _(rk,l))}

Ê_(k,l) is calculated as above.

The procedure of not only using the energy of the reconstruction bandeither derived from the complex reconstruction band or from the MDCTvalues, but also using an energy information from the source rangeprovides an improver energy reconstruction.

Specifically, the parameter calculator 1006 is configured to calculatethe energy information for the reconstruction band using information onthe energy of the reconstruction band and additionally using informationon an energy of a source range to be used for reconstructing thereconstruction band.

Furthermore, the parameter calculator 1006 is configured to calculate anenergy information (E_(ok)) on the reconstruction band of a complexspectrum of the original signal, to calculate a further energyinformation (E_(rk)) on a source range of a real valued part of thecomplex spectrum of the original signal to be used for reconstructingthe reconstruction band, and wherein the parameter calculator isconfigured to calculate the energy information for the reconstructionband using the energy information (E_(ok)) and the further energyinformation (E_(rk)).

Furthermore, the parameter calculator 1006 is configured for determininga first energy information (E_(ok)) on a to be reconstructed scalefactor band of a complex spectrum of the original signal, fordetermining a second energy information (E_(tk)) on a source range ofthe complex spectrum of the original signal to be used forreconstructing the to be reconstructed scale factor band, fordetermining a third energy information (E_(rk)) on a source range of areal valued part of the complex spectrum of the original signal to beused for reconstructing the to be reconstructed scale factor band, fordetermining a weighting information based on a relation between at leasttwo of the first energy information, the second energy information, andthe third energy information, and for weighting one of the first energyinformation and the third energy information using the weightinginformation to obtain a weighted energy information and for using theweighted energy information as the energy information for thereconstruction band.

Examples for the calculations are the following, but many other mayappear to those skilled in the art in view of the above generalprinciple:f_k=E_ok/E_tk;E_k=sqrt(f_k*E_rk);  A)f_k=E_tk/E_ok;E_k=sqrt((1/f_k)*E_rk);  B)f_k=E_rk/E_tk;E_k=sqrt(f_k*E_ok)  C)f_k=E_tk/E_rk;E_k=sqrt((1/f_k)*E_ok)  D)

All these examples acknowledge the fact that although only real MDCTvalues are processed on the decoder side, the actual calculation is—dueto the overlap and add—of the time domain aliasing cancellationprocedure implicitly made using complex numbers. However, particularly,the determination 918 of the tile energy information of the furtherspectral portions 922, 923 of the reconstruction band 920 for frequencyvalues different from the first spectral portion 921 having frequenciesin the reconstruction band 920 relies on real MDCT values. Hence, theenergy information transmitted to the decoder will typically be smallerthan the energy information E_(ok) on the reconstruction band of thecomplex spectrum of the original signal. For example for case C above,this means that the factor f_k (weighting information) will be smallerthan 1.

On the decoder side, if the IGF tool is signaled as ON, the transmittedvalues Ê_(k) are obtained from the bit stream and shall be dequantizedwith

$E_{k} = 2^{\frac{1}{4}{\hat{E}}_{k}}$

for all k=igfStartSfb, 1+igfStartSfb, 2+igfStartSfb, . . . , igfEndSfb.

A decoder dequantizes the transmitted MDCT values to x∈

N and calculates the remaining survive energy:

${sE}_{k}:={\sum\limits_{i\epsilon{scb}_{k}}x_{i}^{2}}$

where k is in the range as defined above.

We denote scb_(k) ={i|i∈scb_(k) ∧x_(i)=0}. This set contains all indicesof the scale-factor band scb_(k) which have been quantized to zero bythe encoder.

The IGF get subband method (not described here) is used to fill spectralgaps resulting from a coarse quantization of MDCT spectral values atencoder side by using non zero values of the transmitted MDCT. x willadditionally contain values which replace all previous zeroed values.The tile energy is calculated by:

${tE}_{k}:={\sum\limits_{i\epsilon\overset{\_}{{scb}_{k}}}x_{i}^{2}}$

where k is in the range as defined above.

The energy missing in the reconstruction band is calculated by:mE _(k) :=|scb _(k) |E _(k) ² −sE _(k)

And the gain factor for adjustment is obtained by:

${g:} = \left\{ \begin{matrix}{\sqrt{\frac{{mE}_{k}}{{tE}_{k}}}{if}\left( {{{mE}_{k} > 0} \land {{tE}_{k} > 0}} \right)} \\{0{else}}\end{matrix} \right.$

Withg′=min(g,10)

The spectral envelope adjustment using the gain factor is:x _(i) :=g′x _(i)

for all i∈scb_(k) and k is in the range as defined above.

This reshapes the spectral envelope of x to the shape of the originalspectral envelope {circumflex over (x)}.

With short window sequence all calculations as outlined above stay inprinciple the same, but the grouping of scale-factor bands are takeninto account. We denote as E_(k,l) the dequantized, grouped energyvalues obtained from the bit stream. Calculate

${sE}_{k,l}:={\frac{1}{❘w_{l}❘}{\sum\limits_{j\epsilon w_{l}}{\sum\limits_{i\epsilon{scb}_{j,k}}x_{j,i}^{2}}}}$and

${pE}_{k,l}:={\frac{1}{❘w_{l}❘}{\sum\limits_{j\epsilon w_{l}}{\sum\limits_{i\epsilon{scb}_{j,k}}x_{j,i}^{2}}}}$

The index j describes the window index of the short block sequence.

CalculatemE _(k,l) :=|scb _(k) |E _(k,l) ² −sE _(k,l)

And

$g:=\left\{ \begin{matrix}{\sqrt{\frac{{mE}_{k,l}}{{pE}_{k,l}}}{if}\left( {{{mE}_{k,l} > 0} \land {{pE}_{k,l} > 0}} \right)} \\{0{else}}\end{matrix} \right.$

Withg′=min(g,10)Applyx _(j,i) : =g′x _(j,i)for all i∈√{square root over (scb_(k,l))}.

For low bitrate applications a pairwise grouping of the values E_(k) ispossible without losing too much precision. This method is applied onlywith long blocks:

$E_{k \gg 1} = \sqrt{\frac{1}{❘{{scb}_{k}\bigcup{scb}_{k + 1}}❘}{\sum\limits_{{i\epsilon{scb}_{k}}\bigcup{scb}_{k + 1}}{\hat{x}}_{i}^{2}}}$

where k=igfStartSfb, 2+igfStartSfb, 4+igfStartSfb, . . . , igfEndSfb.

Again, after quantizing all values E_(k>>1) are transmitted to thedecoder.

FIG. 9 a illustrates an apparatus for decoding an encoded audio signalcomprising an encoded representation of a first set of first spectralportions and an encoded representation of parametric data indicatingspectral energies for a second set of second spectral portions. Thefirst set of first spectral portions is indicated at 901 a in FIG. 9 a ,and the encoded representation of the parametric data is indicated at901 b in FIG. 9 a . An audio decoder 900 is provided for decoding theencoded representation 901 a of the first set of first spectral portionsto obtain a decoded first set of first spectral portions 904 and fordecoding the encoded representation of the parametric data to obtain adecoded parametric data 902 for the second set of second spectralportions indicating individual energies for individual reconstructionbands, where the second spectral portions are located in thereconstruction bands. Furthermore, a frequency regenerator 906 isprovided for reconstructing spectral values of a reconstruction bandcomprising a second spectral portion. The frequency regenerator 906 usesa first spectral portion of the first set of first spectral portions andan individual energy information for the reconstruction band, where thereconstruction band comprises a first spectral portion and the secondspectral portion. The frequency regenerator 906 comprises a calculator912 for determining a survive energy information comprising anaccumulated energy of the first spectral portion having frequencies inthe reconstruction band. Furthermore, the frequency regenerator 906comprises a calculator 918 for determining a tile energy information offurther spectral portions of the reconstruction band and for frequencyvalues being different from the first spectral portion, where thesefrequency values have frequencies in the reconstruction band, whereinthe further spectral portions are to be generated by frequencyregeneration using a first spectral portion different from the firstspectral portion in the reconstruction band.

The frequency regenerator 906 further comprises a calculator 914 for amissing energy in the reconstruction band, and the calculator 914operates using the individual energy for the reconstruction band and thesurvive energy generated by block 912. Furthermore, the frequencyregenerator 906 comprises a spectral envelope adjuster 916 for adjustingthe further spectral portions in the reconstruction band based on themissing energy information and the tile energy information generated byblock 918.

Reference is made to FIG. 9 c illustrating a certain reconstruction band920. The reconstruction band comprises a first spectral portion in thereconstruction band such as the first spectral portion 306 in FIG. 3 aschematically illustrated at 921. Furthermore, the rest of the spectralvalues in the reconstruction band 920 are to be generated using a sourceregion, for example, from the scale factor band 1, 2, 3 below theintelligent gap filling start frequency 309 of FIG. 3 a . The frequencyregenerator 906 is configured for generating raw spectral values for thesecond spectral portions 922 and 923. Then, a gain factor g iscalculated as illustrated in FIG. 9 c in order to finally adjust the rawspectral values in frequency bands 922, 923 in order to obtain thereconstructed and adjusted second spectral portions in thereconstruction band 920 which now have the same spectral resolution,i.e., the same line distance as the first spectral portion 921. It isimportant to understand that the first spectral portion in thereconstruction band illustrated at 921 in FIG. 9 c is decoded by theaudio decoder 900 and is not influenced by the envelope adjustmentperformed block 916 of FIG. 9 b . Instead, the first spectral portion inthe reconstruction band indicated at 921 is left as it is, since thisfirst spectral portion is output by the full bandwidth or full rateaudio decoder 900 via line 904.

Subsequently, a certain example with real numbers is discussed. Theremaining survive energy as calculated by block 912 is, for example,five energy units and this energy is the energy of the exemplarilyindicated four spectral lines in the first spectral portion 921.

Furthermore, the energy value E3 for the reconstruction bandcorresponding to scale factor band 6 of FIG. 3 b or FIG. 3 a is equal to10 units. Importantly, the energy value not only comprises the energy ofthe spectral portions 922, 923, but the full energy of thereconstruction band 920 as calculated on the encoder-side, i.e., beforeperforming the spectral analysis using, for example, the tonality mask.Therefore, the ten energy units cover the first and the second spectralportions in the reconstruction band. Then, it is assumed that the energyof the source range data for blocks 922, 923 or for the raw target rangedata for block 922, 923 is equal to eight energy units. Thus, a missingenergy of five units is calculated.

Based on the missing energy divided by the tile energy tEk, a gainfactor of 0.79 is calculated. Then, the raw spectral lines for thesecond spectral portions 922, 923 are multiplied by the calculated gainfactor. Thus, only the spectral values for the second spectral portions922, 923 are adjusted and the spectral lines for the first spectralportion 921 are not influenced by this envelope adjustment. Subsequentto multiplying the raw spectral values for the second spectral portions922, 923, a complete reconstruction band has been calculated consistingof the first spectral portions in the reconstruction band, andconsisting of spectral lines in the second spectral portions 922, 923 inthe reconstruction band 920.

Advantageously, the source range for generating the raw spectral data inbands 922, 923 is, with respect to frequency, below the IGF startfrequency 309 and the reconstruction band 920 is above the IGF startfrequency 309.

Furthermore, it is advantageous that reconstruction band borderscoincide with scale factor band borders. Thus, a reconstruction bandhas, in one embodiment, the size of corresponding scale factor bands ofthe core audio decoder or are sized so that, when energy pairing isapplied, an energy value for a reconstruction band provides the energyof two or a higher integer number of scale factor bands. Thus, when isassumed that energy accumulation is performed for scale factor band 4,scale factor band 5 and scale factor band 6, then the lower frequencyborder of the reconstruction band 920 is equal to the lower border ofscale factor band 4 and the higher frequency border of thereconstruction band 920 coincides with the higher border of scale factorband 6.

Subsequently, FIG. 9 d is discussed in order to show furtherfunctionalities of the decoder of FIG. 9 a . The audio decoder 900receives the dequantized spectral values corresponding to first spectralportions of the first set of spectral portions and, additionally, scalefactors for scale factor bands such as illustrated in FIG. 3 b areprovided to an inverse scaling block 940. The inverse scaling block 940provides all first sets of first spectral portions below the IGF startfrequency 309 of FIG. 3 a and, additionally, the first spectral portionsabove the IGF start frequency, i.e., the first spectral portions 304,305, 306, 307 of FIG. 3 a which are all located in a reconstruction bandas illustrated at 941 in FIG. 9 d . Furthermore, the first spectralportions in the source band used for frequency tile filling in thereconstruction band are provided to the envelope adjuster/calculator 942and this block additionally receives the energy information for thereconstruction band provided as parametric side information to theencoded audio signal as illustrated at 943 in FIG. 9 d . Then, theenvelope adjuster/calculator 942 provides the functionalities of FIGS. 9b and 9 c and finally outputs adjusted spectral values for the secondspectral portions in the reconstruction band. These adjusted spectralvalues 922, 923 for the second spectral portions in the reconstructionband and the first spectral portions 921 in the reconstruction bandindicated that line 941 in FIG. 9 d jointly represent the completespectral representation of the reconstruction band.

Subsequently, reference is made to FIGS. 10 a to 10 b for explainingembodiments of an audio encoder for encoding an audio signal to provideor generate an encoded audio signal. The encoder comprises atime/spectrum converter 1002 feeding a spectral analyzer 1004, and thespectral analyzer 1004 is connected to a parameter calculator 1006 onthe one hand and an audio encoder 1008 on the other hand. The audioencoder 1008 provides the encoded representation of a first set of firstspectral portions and does not cover the second set of second spectralportions. On the other hand, the parameter calculator 1006 providesenergy information for a reconstruction band covering the first andsecond spectral portions. Furthermore, the audio encoder 1008 isconfigured for generating a first encoded representation of the firstset of first spectral portions having the first spectral resolution,where the audio encoder 1008 provides scale factors for all bands of thespectral representation generated by block 1002. Additionally, asillustrated in FIG. 3 b , the encoder provides energy information atleast for reconstruction bands located, with respect to frequency, abovethe IGF start frequency 309 as illustrated in FIG. 3 a . Thus, forreconstruction bands advantageously coinciding with scale factor bandsor with groups of scale factor bands, two values are given, i.e., thecorresponding scale factor from the audio encoder 1008 and,additionally, the energy information output by the parameter calculator1006.

The audio encoder advantageously has scale factor bands with differentfrequency bandwidths, i.e., with a different number of spectral values.Therefore, the parametric calculator comprise a normalizer 1012 fornormalizing the energies for the different bandwidth with respect to thebandwidth of the specific reconstruction band. To this end, thenormalizer 1012 receives, as inputs, an energy in the band and a numberof spectral values in the band and the normalizer 1012 then outputs anormalized energy per reconstruction/scale factor band.

Furthermore, the parametric calculator 1006 a of FIG. 10 a comprises anenergy value calculator receiving control information from the core oraudio encoder 1008 as illustrated by line 1007 in FIG. 10 a . Thiscontrol information may comprise information on long/short blocks usedby the audio encoder and/or grouping information. Hence, while theinformation on long/short blocks and grouping information on shortwindows relate to a “time” grouping, the grouping information mayadditionally refer to a spectral grouping, i.e., the grouping of twoscale factor bands into a single reconstruction band. Hence, the energyvalue calculator 1014 outputs a single energy value for each groupedband covering a first and a second spectral portion when only thespectral portions have been grouped.

FIG. 10 d illustrates a further embodiment for implementing the spectralgrouping. To this end, block 1016 is configured for calculating energyvalues for two adjacent bands. Then, in block 1018, the energy valuesfor the adjacent bands are compared and, when the energy values are notso much different or less different than defined by, for example, athreshold, then a single (normalized) value for both bands is generatedas indicated in block 1020. As illustrated by line 1019, the block 1018can be bypassed. Furthermore, the generation of a single value for twoor more bands performed by block 1020 can be controlled by an encoderbitrate control 1024. Thus, when the bitrate is to be reduced, theencoded bitrate control 1024 controls block 1020 to generate a singlenormalized value for two or more bands even though the comparison inblock 1018 would not have been allowed to group the energy informationvalues.

In case the audio encoder is performing the grouping of two or moreshort windows, this grouping is applied for the energy information aswell. When the core encoder performs a grouping of two or more shortblocks, then, for these two or more blocks, only a single set of scalefactors is calculated and transmitted. On the decoder-side, the audiodecoder then applies the same set of scale factors for both groupedwindows.

Regarding the energy information calculation, the spectral values in thereconstruction band are accumulated over two or more short windows. Inother words, this means that the spectral values in a certainreconstruction band for a short block and for the subsequent short blockare accumulated together and only single energy information value istransmitted for this reconstruction band covering two short blocks.Then, on the decoder-side, the envelope adjustment discussed withrespect to FIGS. 9 a to 9 d is not performed individually for each shortblock but is performed together for the set of grouped short windows.

The corresponding normalization is then again applied so that eventhough any grouping in frequency or grouping in time has been performed,the normalization easily allows that, for the energy value informationcalculation on the decoder-side, only the energy information value onthe one hand and the amount of spectral lines in the reconstruction bandor in the set of grouped reconstruction bands has to be known.

In state-of-the-art BWE schemes, the reconstruction of the HF spectralregion above a given so-called cross-over frequency is often based onspectral patching. Typically, the HF region is composed of multipleadjacent patches and each of these patches is sourced from band-pass(BP) regions of the LF spectrum below the given cross-over frequency.Within a filterbank representation of the signal such systems copy a setof adjacent subband coefficients out of the LF spectrum into the targetregion. The boundaries of the selected sets are typically systemdependent and not signal dependent. For some signal content, this staticpatch selection can lead to unpleasant timbre and coloring of thereconstructed signal.

Other approaches transfer the LF signal to the HF through a signaladaptive Single Side Band (SSB) modulation. Such approaches are of highcomputational complexity compared to [1] since they operate at highsampling rate on time domain samples. Also, the patching can getunstable, especially for non-tonal signals (e.g. unvoiced speech), andthereby state-of-the-art signal adaptive patching can introduceimpairments into the signal.

The inventive approach is termed Intelligent Gap Filling (IGF) and, inits advantageous configuration, it is applied in a BWE system based on atime-frequency transform, like e.g. the Modified Discrete CosineTransform (MDCT). Nevertheless, the teachings of the invention aregenerally applicable, e.g. analogously within a Quadrature MirrorFilterbank (QMF) based system.

An advantage of the IGF configuration based on MDCT is the seamlessintegration into MDCT based audio coders, for example MPEG AdvancedAudio Coding (AAC). Sharing the same transform for waveform audio codingand for BWE reduces the overall computational complexity for the audiocodec significantly.

Moreover, the invention provides a solution for the inherent stabilityproblems found in state-of-the-art adaptive patching schemes.

The proposed system is based on the observation that for some signals,an unguided patch selection can lead to timbre changes and signalcolorations. If a signal that is tonal in the spectral source region(SSR) but is noise-like in the spectral target region (STR), patchingthe noise-like STR by the tonal SSR can lead to an unnatural timbre. Thetimbre of the signal can also change since the tonal structure of thesignal might get misaligned or even destroyed by the patching process.

The proposed IGF system performs an intelligent tile selection usingcross-correlation as a similarity measure between a particular SSR and aspecific STR. The cross-correlation of two signals provides a measure ofsimilarity of those signals and also the lag of maximal correlation andits sign. Hence, the approach of a correlation based tile selection canalso be used to precisely adjust the spectral offset of the copiedspectrum to become as close as possible to the original spectralstructure.

The fundamental contribution of the proposed system is the choice of asuitable similarity measure, and also techniques to stabilize the tileselection process. The proposed technique provides an optimal balancebetween instant signal adaption and, at the same time, temporalstability. The provision of temporal stability is especially importantfor signals that have little similarity of SSR and STR and thereforeexhibit low cross-correlation values or if similarity measures areemployed that are ambiguous. In such cases, stabilization preventspseudo-random behavior of the adaptive tile selection.

For example, a class of signals that often poses problems forstate-of-the-art BWE is characterized by a distinct concentration ofenergy to arbitrary spectral regions, as shown in FIG. 12 a (left).Although there are methods available to adjust the spectral envelope andtonality of the reconstructed spectrum in the target region, for somesignals these methods are not able to preserve the timbre well as shownin FIG. 12 a (right). In the example shown in FIG. 12 a , the magnitudeof the spectrum in the target region of the original signal above aso-called cross-over frequency f_(xover) (FIG. 12 a , left) decreasesnearly linearly. In contrast, in the reconstructed spectrum (FIG. 12 a ,right), a distinct set of dips and peaks is present that is perceived asa timbre colorization artifact.

An important step of the new approach is to define a set of tilesamongst which the subsequent similarity based choice can take place.First, the tile boundaries of both the source region and the targetregion have to be defined in accordance with each other. Therefore, thetarget region between the IGF start frequency of the core coderf_(IGFstart) and a highest available frequency f_(IGFstart) is dividedinto an arbitrary integer number nTar of tiles, each of these having anindividual predefined size. Then, for each target tile tar[idx_tar], aset of equal sized source tiles src[idx_src] is generated. By this, thebasic degree of freedom of the IGF system is determined. The totalnumber of source tiles nSrc is determined by the bandwidth of the sourceregion,bw _(src)=(f _(IGFstart) −f _(IGFmin))

where f_(IGFmin) is the lowest available frequency for the tileselection such that an integer number nSrc of source tiles fits intobw_(src). The minimum number of source tiles is 0.

To further increase the degree of freedom for selection and adjustment,the source tiles can be defined to overlap each other by an overlapfactor between 0 and 1, where 0 means no overlap and 1 means 100%overlap. The 100% overlap case implicates that only one or no sourcetiles is available.

FIG. 12 b shows an example of tile boundaries of a set of tiles. In thiscase, all target tiles are correlated which each of the source tiles. Inthis example, the source tiles overlap by 50%.

For a target tile, the cross correlation is computed with various sourcetiles at lags up xcorr_maxLag bins. For a given target tile idx_tar anda source tile idx_src, the xcorr_val[idx_tar][idx_src] gives the maximumvalue of the absolute cross correlation between the tiles, whereasxcorr_lag[idx_tar][idx_src] gives the lag at which this maximum occursand xcorr_sign[idx_tar][idx_src] gives the sign of the cross correlationat xcorr_lag [idx_tar] [idx_src].

The parameter xcorr_lag is used to control the closeness of the matchbetween the source and target tiles. This parameter leads to reducedartifacts and helps better to preserve the timbre and color of thesignal.

In some scenarios it may happen that the size of a specific target tileis bigger than the size of the available source tiles. In this case, theavailable source tile is repeated as often as needed to fill thespecific target tile completely. It is still possible to perform thecross correlation between the large target tile and the smaller sourcetile in order to get the best position of the source tile in the targettile in terms of the cross correlation lag xcorr_lag and signxcorr_sign.

The cross correlation of the raw spectral tiles and the original signalmay not be the most suitable similarity measure applied to audio spectrawith strong formant structure. Whitening of a spectrum removes thecoarse envelope information and thereby emphasizes the spectral finestructure, which is of foremost interest for evaluating tile similarity.Whitening also aids in an easy envelope shaping of the STR at thedecoder for the regions processed by IGF. Therefore, optionally, thetile and the source signal is whitened before calculating the crosscorrelation.

In other configurations, only the tile is whitened using a predefinedprocedure. A transmitted “whitening” flag indicates to the decoder thatthe same predefined whitening process shall be applied to the tilewithin IGF.

For whitening the signal, first a spectral envelope estimate iscalculated. Then, the MDCT spectrum is divided by the spectral envelope.The spectral envelope estimate can be estimated on the MDCT spectrum,the MDCT spectrum energies, the MDCT based complex power spectrum orpower spectrum estimates. The signal on which the envelope is estimatedwill be called base signal from now on.

Envelopes calculated on MDCT based complex power spectrum or powerspectrum estimates as base signal have the advantage of not havingtemporal fluctuation on tonal components.

If the base signal is in an energy domain, the MDCT spectrum has to bedivided by the square root of the envelope to whiten the signalcorrectly.

There are different methods of calculating the envelope:

-   -   transforming the base signal with a discrete cosine transform        (DCT), retaining only the lower DCT coefficients (setting the        uppermost to zero) and then calculating an inverse DCT    -   calculating a spectral envelope of a set of Linear Prediction        Coefficients (LPC) calculated on the time domain audio frame    -   filtering the base signal with a low pass filter

Advantageously, the last approach is chosen. For applications thatnecessitate low computational complexity, some simplification can bedone to the whitening of an MDCT spectrum: First the envelope iscalculated by means of a moving average. This only needs two processorcycles per MDCT bin. Then in order to avoid the calculation of thedivision and the square root, the spectral envelope is approximated by2^(n), where n is the integer logarithm of the envelope. In this domainthe square root operation simply becomes a shift operation andfurthermore the division by the envelope can be performed by anothershift operation.

After calculating the correlation of each source tile with each targettile, for all nTar target tiles the source tile with the highestcorrelation is chosen for replacing it. To match the original spectralstructure best, the lag of the correlation is used to modulate thereplicated spectrum by an integer number of transform bins. In case ofodd lags, the tile is additionally modulated through multiplication byan alternating temporal sequence of −1/1 to compensate for thefrequency-reversed representation of every other band within the MDCT.

FIG. 12 c shows an example of a correlation between a source tile and atarget tile. In this example the lag of the correlation is 5, so thesource tile has to be modulated by 5 bins towards higher frequency binsin the copy-up stage of the BWE algorithm. In addition, the sign of thetile has to be flipped as the maximum correlation value is negative andan additional modulation as described above accounts for the odd lag.

So the total amount of side information to transmit form the encoder tothe decoder could consists of the following data:

-   -   tileNum[nTar]: index of the selected source tile per target tile    -   tileSign[nTar]: sign of the target tile    -   tileMod[nTar]: lag of the correlation per target tile

Tile pruning and stabilization is an important step in the IGF. Its needand advantages are explained with an example, assuming a stationarytonal audio signal like e.g. a stable pitch pipe note. Logic dictatesthat least artifacts are introduced if, for a given target region,source tiles are selected from the same source region across frames.Even though the signal is assumed to be stationary, this condition wouldnot hold well in every frame since the similarity measure (e.g.correlation) of another equally similar source region could dominate thesimilarity result (e.g. cross correlation). This leads to tileNum[nTar]between adjacent frames to vacillate between two or three very similarchoices. This can be the source of an annoying musical noise likeartifact.

In order to eliminate this type of artifacts, the set of source tilesshall be pruned such that the remaining members of the source set aremaximally dissimilar. This is achieved over a set of source tilesS={s ₁ ,s ₂ , . . . s _(n)}as follows. For any source tile s_(i), we correlate it with all theother source tiles, finding the best correlation between s_(i) and s_(j)and storing it in a matrix S_(x). Here S_(x)[i][j] contains the maximalabsolute cross correlation value between s_(i) and s_(j). Adding thematrix S_(x) along the columns, gives us the sum of cross correlationsof a source tile s_(i) with all the other source tiles T.T[i]=S _(x) [i][1]+S _(x) [i][2] . . . +S _(x) [i][n]

Here T represents a measure of how well a source is similar to othersource tiles. If, for any source tile i,T>threshold

source tile i can be dropped from the set of potential sources since itis highly correlated with other sources. The tile with the lowestcorrelation from the set of tiles that satisfy the condition in equation1 is chosen as a representative tile for this subset. This way, weensure that the source tiles are maximally dissimilar to each other.

The tile pruning method also involves a memory of the pruned tile setused in the preceding frame. Tiles that were active in the previousframe are retained in the next frame also if alternative candidates forpruning exist.

Let tiles s₃, s₄ and s₅ be active out of tiles {s₁, s₂ . . . , s₅} inframe k, then in frame k+1 even if tiles s₁, s₃ and s₂ are contending tobe pruned with s₃ being the maximally correlated with the others, s₃ isretained since it was a useful source tile in the previous frame, andthus retaining it in the set of source tiles is beneficial for enforcingtemporal continuity in the tile selection. This method is advantageouslyapplied if the cross correlation between the source i and target j,represented as T_(x)[i][j] is high

An additional method for tile stabilization is to retain the tile orderfrom the previous frame k−1 if none of the source tiles in the currentframe k correlate well with the target tiles. This can happen if thecross correlation between the source i and target j, represented asT_(x)[i][j] is very low for all i, j

For example, ifT _(x) [i][j]<0.6

a tentative threshold being used now, thentileNum[nTar]_(k)=tileNum[nTar]_(k-1),

for all nTar of this frame k.

The above two techniques greatly reduce the artifacts that occur fromrapid changing set tile numbers across frames. Another added advantageof this tile pruning and stabilization is that no extra informationneeds to be sent to the decoder nor is a change of decoder architectureneeded. This proposed tile pruning is an elegant way of reducingpotential musical noise like artifacts or excessive noise in the tiledspectral regions.

FIG. 11 a illustrates an audio decoder for decoding an encoded audiosignal. The audio decoder comprises an audio (core) decoder 1102 forgenerating a first decoded representation of a first set of firstspectral portions, the decoded representation having a first spectralresolution.

Furthermore, the audio decoder comprises a parametric decoder 1104 forgenerating a second decoded representation of a second set of secondspectral portions having a second spectral resolution being lower thanthe first spectral resolution. Furthermore, a frequency regenerator 1106is provided which receives, as a first input 1101, decoded firstspectral portions and as a second input at 1103 the parametricinformation including, for each target frequency tile or targetreconstruction band a source range information. The frequencyregenerator 1106 then applies the frequency regeneration by usingspectral values from the source range identified by the matchinginformation in order to generate the spectral data for the target range.Then, the first spectral portions 1101 and the output of the frequencyregenerator 1107 are both input into a spectrum-time converter 1108 tofinally generate the decoded audio signal.

Advantageously, the audio decoder 1102 is a spectral domain audiodecoder, although the audio decoder can also be implemented as any otheraudio decoder such as a time domain or parametric audio decoder.

As indicated at FIG. 11 b , the frequency regenerator 1106 may comprisethe functionalities of block 1120 illustrating a source rangeselector-tile modulator for odd lags, a whitened filter 1122, when awhitening flag 1123 is provided, and additionally, a spectral envelopewith adjustment functionalities implemented illustrated in block 1128using the raw spectral data generated by either block 1120 or block 1122or the cooperation of both blocks. Anyway, the frequency regenerator1106 may comprise a switch 1124 reactive to a received whitening flag1123. When the whitening flag is set, the output of the source rangeselector/tile modulator for odd lags is input into the whitening filter1122. Then, however, the whitening flag 1123 is not set for a certainreconstruction band, then a bypass line 1126 is activated so that theoutput of block 1120 is provided to the spectral envelope adjustmentblock 1128 without any whitening.

There may be more than one level of whitening (1123) signaled in thebitstream and these levels may be signaled per tile. In case there arethree levels signaled per tile, they shall be coded in the followingway:

bit = readBit(1); if(bit == 1) {  for(tile_index = 0..nT)   /*samelevels as last frame*/   whitening_level[tile_index] =whitening_level_prev_frame[tile_index]; } else {  /*first tile:*/ tile_index = 0;  bit = readBit(1);  if(bit == 1) {  whitening_level[tile_index] = MID_WHITENING;  } else {   bit =readBit(1);   if(bit == 1) {    whitening_level[tile_index] =STRONG_WHITENING;   } else {    whitening_level[tile_index] = OFF;/*no-whitening*/   }  } /*remaining tiles:*/  bit = readBit(1);  if(bit== 1) {   /*flattening levels for remaining tiles same as first.*/  /*No further bits have to be read*/   for(tile_index = 1..nT)   whitening_level[tile_index] = whitening_level[0];   } else {   /*readbits for remaining tiles as for first tile*/   for(tile_index = 1..nT) {   bit = readBit(1);    if(bit == 1) {     whitening_level[tile_index] =MID_WHITENING;    } else {     bit = readBit(1);     if(bit == 1) {     whitening_level[tile_index] = STRONG_WHITENING;     } else {     whitening_level[tile_index] = OFF; /*no-whitening*/     }    }   } } }

MID_WHITENING and STRONG_WHITENING refer to different whitening filters(1122) that may differ in the way the envelope is calculated (asdescribed before).

The decoder-side frequency regenerator can be controlled by a sourcerange ID 1121 when only a coarse spectral tile selection scheme isapplied. When, however, a fine-tuned spectral tile selection scheme isapplied, then, additionally, a source range lag 1119 is provided.Furthermore, provided that the correlation calculation provides anegative result, then, additionally, a sign of the correlation can alsobe applied to block 1120 so that the page data spectral lines are eachmultiplied by “−1” to account for the negative sign.

Thus, the present invention as discussed in FIG. 11 a, 11 b makes surethat an optimum audio quality is obtained due to the fact that the bestmatching source range for a certain destination or target range iscalculated on the encoder-side and is applied on the decoder-side.

FIG. 11 c is a certain audio encoder for encoding an audio signalcomprising a time-spectrum converter 1130, a subsequently connectedspectral analyzer 1132 and, additionally, a parameter calculator 1134and a core coder 1136. The core coder 1136 outputs encoded source rangesand the parameter calculator 1134 outputs matching information fortarget ranges.

The encoded source ranges are transmitted to a decoder together withmatching information for the target ranges so that the decoderillustrated in FIG. 11 a is in the position to perform a frequencyregeneration.

The parameter calculator 1134 is configured for calculating similaritiesbetween first spectral portions and second spectral portions and fordetermining, based on the calculated similarities, for a second spectralportion a matching first spectral portion matching with the secondspectral portion. Advantageously, matching results for different sourceranges and target ranges as illustrated in FIGS. 12 a, 12 b to determinea selected matching pair comprising the second spectral portion, and theparameter calculator is configured for providing this matchinginformation identifying the matching pair into an encoded audio signal.Advantageously, this parameter calculator 1134 is configured for usingpredefined target regions in the second set of second spectral portionsor predefined source regions in the first set of first spectral portionsas illustrated, for example, in FIG. 12 b . Advantageously, thepredefined target regions are non-overlapping or the predefined sourceregions are overlapping. When the predefined source regions are a subsetof the first set of first spectral portions below a gap filling startfrequency 309 of FIG. 3 a , and advantageously, the predefined targetregion covering a lower spectral region coincides, with its lowerfrequency border with the gap filling start frequency so that any targetranges are located above the gap filling start frequency and sourceranges are located below the gap filling start frequency.

As discussed, a fine granularity is obtained by comparing a targetregion with a source region without any lag to the source region and thesame source region, but with a certain lag. These lags are applied inthe cross-correlation calculator 1140 of FIG. 11 d and the matching pairselection is finally performed by the tile selector 1144.

Furthermore, it is advantageous to perform a source and/or target rangeswhitening illustrated at block 1142. This block 1142 then provides awhitening flag to the bitstream which is used for controlling thedecoder-side switch 1123 of FIG. 11 b . Furthermore, if thecross-correlation calculator 1140 provides a negative result, then thisnegative result is also signaled to a decoder. Thus, in an embodiment,the tile selector outputs a source range ID for a target range, a lag, asign and block 1142 additionally provides a whitening flag.

Furthermore, the parameter calculator 1134 is configured for performinga source tile pruning 1146 by reducing the number of potential sourceranges in that a source patch is dropped from a set of potential sourcetiles based on a similarity threshold. Thus, when two source tiles aresimilar more or equal to a similarity threshold, then one of these twosource tiles is removed from the set of potential sources and theremoved source tile is not used anymore for the further processing and,specifically, cannot be selected by the tile selector 1144 or is notused for the cross-correlation calculation between different sourceranges and target ranges as performed in block 1140.

Different implementations have been described with respect to differentfigures. FIGS. 1 a-5 c relate to a full rate or a full bandwidthencoder/decoder scheme. FIGS. 6 a-7 e relate to an encoder/decoderscheme with TNS or TTS processing. FIGS. 8 a-8 e relate to anencoder/decoder scheme with specific two-channel processing. FIGS. 9a-10 d relate to a specific energy information calculation andapplication, and FIGS. 11 a-12 c relate to a specific way of tileselection.

All these different aspects can be of inventive use independent of eachother, but, additionally, can also be applied together as basicallyillustrated in FIGS. 2 a and 2 b . However, the specific two-channelprocessing can be applied to an encoder/decoder scheme illustrated inFIG. 13 as well, and the same is true for the TNS/TTS processing, theenvelope energy information calculation and application in thereconstruction band or the adaptive source range identification andcorresponding application on the decoder side. On the other hand, thefull rate aspect can be applied with or without TNS/TTS processing, withor without two-channel processing, with or without an adaptive sourcerange identification or with other kinds of energy calculations for thespectral envelope representation. Thus, it is clear that features of oneof these individual aspects can be applied in other aspects as well.

Although some aspects have been described in the context of an apparatusfor encoding or decoding, it is clear that these aspects also representa description of the corresponding method, where a block or devicecorresponds to a method step or a feature of a method step. Analogously,aspects described in the context of a method step also represent adescription of a corresponding block or item or feature of acorresponding apparatus. Some or all of the method steps may be executedby (or using) a hardware apparatus, like for example, a microprocessor,a programmable computer or an electronic circuit. In some embodiments,some one or more of the most important method steps may be executed bysuch an apparatus.

Depending on certain implementation requirements, embodiments of theinvention can be implemented in hardware or in software. Theimplementation can be performed using a non-transitory storage mediumsuch as a digital storage medium, for example a floppy disc, a Hard DiskDrive (HDD), a DVD, a Blu-Ray, a CD, a ROM, a PROM, and EPROM, an EEPROMor a FLASH memory, having electronically readable control signals storedthereon, which cooperate (or are capable of cooperating) with aprogrammable computer system such that the respective method isperformed. Therefore, the digital storage medium may be computerreadable.

Some embodiments according to the invention comprise a data carrierhaving electronically readable control signals, which are capable ofcooperating with a programmable computer system, such that one of themethods described herein is performed.

Generally, embodiments of the present invention can be implemented as acomputer program product with a program code, the program code beingoperative for performing one of the methods when the computer programproduct runs on a computer. The program code may, for example, be storedon a machine readable carrier.

Other embodiments comprise the computer program for performing one ofthe methods described herein, stored on a machine readable carrier.

In other words, an embodiment of the inventive method is, therefore, acomputer program having a program code for performing one of the methodsdescribed herein, when the computer program runs on a computer.

A further embodiment of the inventive method is, therefore, a datacarrier (or a digital storage medium, or a computer-readable medium)comprising, recorded thereon, the computer program for performing one ofthe methods described herein. The data carrier, the digital storagemedium or the recorded medium are typically tangible and/ornon-transitory.

A further embodiment of the invention method is, therefore, a datastream or a sequence of signals representing the computer program forperforming one of the methods described herein. The data stream or thesequence of signals may, for example, be configured to be transferredvia a data communication connection, for example, via the internet.

A further embodiment comprises a processing means, for example, acomputer or a programmable logic device, configured to, or adapted to,perform one of the methods described herein.

A further embodiment comprises a computer having installed thereon thecomputer program for performing one of the methods described herein.

A further embodiment according to the invention comprises an apparatusor a system configured to transfer (for example, electronically oroptically) a computer program for performing one of the methodsdescribed herein to a receiver. The receiver may, for example, be acomputer, a mobile device, a memory device or the like. The apparatus orsystem may, for example, comprise a file server for transferring thecomputer program to the receiver.

In some embodiments, a programmable logic device (for example, a fieldprogrammable gate array) may be used to perform some or all of thefunctionalities of the methods described herein. In some embodiments, afield programmable gate array may cooperate with a microprocessor inorder to perform one of the methods described herein. Generally, themethods are performed by any hardware apparatus.

While this invention has been described in terms of several advantageousembodiments, there are alterations, permutations, and equivalents whichfall within the scope of this invention. It should also be noted thatthere are many alternative ways of implementing the methods andcompositions of the present invention. It is therefore intended that thefollowing appended claims be interpreted as including all suchalterations, permutations, and equivalents as fall within the truespirit and scope of the present invention.

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The invention claimed is:
 1. An apparatus for decoding an encoded audiosignal to obtain a decoded audio signal, the apparatus comprising: anaudio decoder configured for decoding an encoded representation of afirst set of first spectral portions of the encoded audio signal toacquire a decoded first set of first spectral portions; a parametricdecoder configured for decoding an encoded parametric representation ofa second set of second spectral portions of the encoded audio signal toacquire a decoded parametric representation; and a frequency regeneratorconfigured for regenerating a target frequency tile using a sourceregion from the decoded first set of first spectral portions, whereinthe decoded audio signal comprises the target frequency tile, whereinthe frequency regenerator is configured for applying a whitening filterto the source region, wherein the frequency regenerator is configured,when applying the whitening filter, for calculating a spectral envelopeestimate of the source region and for dividing a spectrum of the sourceregion by a spectral envelope indicated by the spectral envelopeestimate.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the audio decoder is aspectral domain audio decoder, and wherein the apparatus furthercomprises a spectrum-time converter configured for converting a spectralrepresentation of the decoded first set of first spectral portions andreconstructed second spectral portions comprising the target frequencytile into a time representation.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1, whereinthe frequency regenerator comprises the whitening filter, the whiteningfilter being configured as a controllable whitening filter, wherein thedecoded parametric representation comprises a whitening information, andwherein the frequency regenerator is configured for applying thewhitening filter to the source region identified by a matchinginformation before performing a spectral envelope adjustment, when thewhitening information for the source region indicates that the sourceregion is to be whitened.
 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein thewhitening information comprises, for a tile or a group of tiles, awhitening level information indicating a whitening level to be appliedto a source frequency tile of the source region, when regenerating thetarget frequency tile, and wherein the frequency regenerator isconfigured for selecting the whitening filter from a group of differentwhitening filters in response to the whitening information, beforeapplying the whitening filter.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein thefrequency regenerator comprises a source region modifier, wherein thedecoded parametric representation comprises, in addition to the sourceregion identification, a sign information, and wherein the source regionmodifier is configured for applying an operation to acquire a phaseshift of the source region spectral values in accordance with the signinformation.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the frequencyregenerator comprises a tile modulator, wherein the decoded parametricrepresentation comprises a correlation lag in addition to the sourceregion identification, and wherein the tile modulator is configured forapplying a tile modulation in accordance with the correlation lagassociated with the source region identification.
 7. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein the frequency regenerator comprises a tile modulator,wherein the decoded parametric representation comprises a correlationlag in addition to the source region identification, and wherein thetile modulator is configured for applying a tile modulation using analternating temporal sequence of −1/1 when the correlation lag is an oddnumber.
 8. A method of decoding an encoded audio signal to obtain adecoded audio signal, the method comprising: decoding an encodedrepresentation of a first set of first spectral portions to acquire adecoded first set of first spectral portions of the encoded audiosignal; decoding an encoded parametric representation of a second set ofsecond spectral portions to acquire a decoded parametric representation;and regenerating a target frequency tile using a source region from thedecoded first set of first spectral portions, wherein the decoded audiosignal comprises the target frequency tile, wherein the regeneratingcomprises applying a whitening filter to the source region identified,wherein the applying the whitening filter comprises calculating aspectral envelope estimate of the source region and dividing a spectrumof the source region by a spectral envelope indicated by the spectralenvelope estimate.
 9. A non-transitory digital storage medium having acomputer program stored thereon to perform, when said computer programis run by a computer, a method of decoding an encoded audio signal toobtain a decoded audio signal, the method comprising: decoding anencoded representation of a first set of first spectral portions of theencoded audio signal to acquire a decoded first set of first spectralportions; decoding an encoded parametric representation of a second setof second spectral portions to acquire a decoded parametricrepresentation; and regenerating a target frequency tile using a sourceregion from the decoded first set of first spectral portions, whereinthe decoded audio signal comprises the target frequency tile, whereinthe regenerating comprises applying a whitening filter to the sourceregion, wherein the applying the whitening filter comprises calculatinga spectral envelope estimate of the source region and dividing aspectrum of the source region by a spectral envelope indicated by thespectral envelope estimate.